…Important interpretation of the blood gas A normal or rising pCO₂ during an ongoing severe asthma attack is an alarm sign. Early in a severe…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease…

…Procedure Anterior shoulder dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external…

…a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings, including pericardial or aortic calcification, pericardial thickening, valvular calcification, and, in…

…60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour in neutropenic…

…the deceased person's own wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally…

…not backwards. Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the…

…allows for standardized comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination…

…could enhance the score's predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization…

…analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia is the commonest reason for an incompletely performed drainage. Procedure 1. Locate the centre of the fluctuance…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD…

…whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western population is 1.0% to 1…

…before each QRS complex then it is 2:1 block. In typical cases of atrial flutter, the atrial rate is around 300 beats per minute…

…predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients…

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…two sizes in an adult: choose the larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the…

…A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy…

…due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic…

…involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in approximately 80–90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries, involved in approximately 40–50…

…on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken in bouts of at least 10 minutes; shorter episodes also contribute to health…

…for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11…

…to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest…

…al ). The incidence of treated cardiac arrests outside hospitals (OHCA) is about 70 cases per 100,000 person years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et…

…due to dysfunction in the sinoatrial node is referred to as sinus node dysfunction (SND). If a person with ECG signs of SND is symptomatic…

…Recommendations for ECG recording in children Pediatric patients frequently have difficulties being still during clinical examinations. The youngest children often display spontaneous movements of limbs…

…ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Frequent premature beats…

…ventricular filling). The person with premature beats might perceive this as palpitations, because of the stronger ventricular contractions caused by the increased filling. Ventricular premature…

…recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person…

…during expiration due to increased vagal tone. This causes the slightly irregular rhythm seen in Figure 1 . The rhythm becomes completely regular if the person…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…documented low plasma glucose during the symptoms. 3. Resolution of the symptoms when the glucose is normalised [3]. A healthy person without diabetes therefore does…

…benzodiazepine) is considered. IIa C Cardiac arrest Management Recommendation Level of evidence Urgent angiography is indicated in patients exhibiting ST segment elevation. I B TTM…

…recreational exercise Frailty or loss of muscle mass, particularly in older adults Patients require individualized progression because new symptoms during exercise may signal an adverse…

…not a mechanism of arrhythmia; it is a ventricular conduction disturbance . It is discussed in this chapter because the phenomenon is frequently observed during arrhythmias…

…of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect myocardial infarctions 100 times smaller than what was possible to detect in…

…conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these six parameters in detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The patient…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…Although the risk of cardiac arrest is very small, personnel must be well trained in resuscitation. Subject preparations The procedure must be explained carefully to…

…wall of the artery. Such atherosclerotic plaques start building up early in childhood and by middle age, most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in…

…form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this manifests with ST segment depressions with upsloping ST segment during exercise but the person is…

…which in its purest form means that the automaticity is diminished). Chronotropic incompetence (inability of the sinoatrial node to adequately increase its automaticity during physical…

…capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of EMS personnel in detecting…

…intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes…

…an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease…