…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat, skin, perianal region, vascular access, lungs, abdomen, urinary tract and neurology…

…is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation and another the reduction…

…donation. The person's wishes are established in this order: 1. The donation register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, checked…

…sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings…

…haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. Marked septal deviation towards the bleeding side (relative). Preparation and equipment Personal protective equipment (gloves, a visor, an apron)…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…76). Lack of Clinical Variables : The original SYNTAX Score focuses solely on anatomical factors, ignoring clinical variables such as age, diabetes, and renal function, which…

…Deep compartments and tendon sheaths, loss of function Orthopaedic or hand surgeon, urgently Perianal and perirectal Often larger than it appears; risk of fistula Surgeon…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…particularly relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk…

…Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age…

…flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia in a patient who is eating poorly. Consider stopping it GLP 1 receptor agonist It can cause nausea and delayed gastric…

…of the i gel type have no cuff to inflate and are chosen on weight alone. When in doubt between two sizes in an adult…

…location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible…

…retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the T wave. PR interval 0,22…

…adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and…

…Assessment Before Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates. Intervention Included in BLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of…

…of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%). Survival in IHCA Survival in IHCA was 25% in 2006 and…

…retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the T wave. PR interval 0,22…

…time and y axis represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid is used in children and adult patients…

…atrioventricular node before it has repolarized completely. The earlier the impulse reaches the atrioventricular node (and bundle of His), the longer the PR interval (because…

…discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0…

…recording of no flow and low flow times in registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the glucose…

…of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact. I B ECG monitoring should start immediately and…

…from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which exercise, lifestyle intervention, education, and guideline directed medical…

…block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…III and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of…

…stress testing The laboratory and personnel Exercise stress testing may be conducted by physicians, nurses, biomedical analysts, or other professionals. A physician is always formally…

…most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, lipids and acellular…

…increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery (no atherosclerosis) At rest Oxygen supply is adequate and ischemia cannot occur…

…beta blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should receive an artificial pacemaker to reduce symptoms and increase function…

…Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value…

…Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is within the reach of bystanders, first responders and the EMS. Unfortunately, several studies…

…an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person may or may not have known cardiac disease…