…is driven principally by lifelong LDL C elevation and may be discovered through: Routine lipid testing showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD…

…body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway preparedness With procedural sedation, one person must manage the sedation and another the reduction…

…donation. The person's wishes are established in this order: 1. The donation register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, checked…

…a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth, throat, skin, perianal region, vascular access, lungs, abdomen, urinary tract and neurology…

…sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings…

…haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. Marked septal deviation towards the bleeding side (relative). Preparation and equipment Personal protective equipment (gloves, a visor, an apron)…

…of hemodynamic parameters. Hence, heart rate and blood pressure must also be noted. In summary, the following variables should be included in the survey: personal…

…and potential future refinements underscore its enduring relevance in cardiology. By combining anatomical and clinical data, it continues to support heart teams in delivering persona

…Deep compartments and tendon sheaths, loss of function Orthopaedic or hand surgeon, urgently Perianal and perirectal Often larger than it appears; risk of fistula Surgeon…

…95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and…

…Very high risk Correct selection of the country risk cluster is therefore essential. The clusters include different European and surrounding countries, and the applicable regional…

…Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age…

…flutter. The observant will notice that the classification differs slightly from that of atrial fibrillation. Acute and paroxysmal cases are common in clinical practice. Chronic…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Chronotropic incompetence: inability to adequately increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia in a patient who is eating poorly. Consider stopping it GLP 1 receptor agonist It can cause nausea and delayed gastric…

…with a full stomach. Preparation and equipment A laryngeal mask of the correct size plus one size above and one below. Second generation masks with…

…location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and one person responsible…

…circulatory compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and…

…Abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, involved in approximately 30% of symptomatic patients. Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in approximately 80–90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries…

…arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity, skeletal health, muscular strength, quality of life and psychological well being. Physical…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates. Intervention Included in BLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of…

…of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%). Survival in IHCA Survival in IHCA was 25% in 2006 and…

…circulatory compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s) : ventricular tachycardia is the most common cause and…

…leg electrodes are placed proximally on the thighs and arm electrodes are placed proximally on the upper arm. Placement of chest (precordial) electrodes are not…

…atrioventricular node before it has repolarized completely. The earlier the impulse reaches the atrioventricular node (and bundle of His), the longer the PR interval (because…

…discharged in the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0…

…bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and clinical understanding of…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…the monitoring and management of intracranial haemorrhage and angioedema. First of all Measure Comment : : Plasma glucose Hypoglycaemia can mimic stroke. Measure immediately and correct marked…

…No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the glucose has…

…medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave changes…

…ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac rehabilitation addresses these determinants indirectly and comprehensively…

…block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one…

…referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually detect the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…III and aVF display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of…

…Presence of potentially serious arrhythmias – due to the risk of circulatory collapse. Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary…

…most persons have some degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Advanced atherosclerotic plaques contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, lipids and acellular…

…ATP production and vice versa. Importantly, cardiac myocytes require aerobic metabolism (oxygen) to produce sufficient quantities of ATP. This implies that the heart requires continuous…

…beta blockers) without the risk of worsening the bradycardia. Persons with sick sinus syndrome should receive an artificial pacemaker to reduce symptoms and increase function…

…Prehospital personnel have proven to be capable of recognizing STEMI using 12 lead ECG. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value…

…Thus, the greatest opportunities exist in the first few minutes, which is within the reach of bystanders, first responders and the EMS. Unfortunately, several studies…

…in circulatory collapse, loss of consciousness, and sudden cardiac arrest. Unlike ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation seldom self terminates and death is imminent without immediate and…