…liver failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and…

…not 48. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge resources have tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors. Check…

…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

…documentation is insufficient; check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable <15 or dialysis DOACs are not recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for…

…period of anticipated EMI. The perioperative strategy should also recognize that CRT patients may rely on continuous biventricular pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with…

…implications for management and treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, clinicians must clarify whether the ECG was recorded during chest pain, since an…

…Among patients referred for invasive angiography, ANOCA/INOCA is more frequent in women, affecting approximately 50–70% of women compared with 30–50% of men…

…hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF…

…MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients presenting with myocardial infarction in other reports…

…now accounting for over 50% of all incident heart failure cases globally [5] . Registry data, including the Get With The Guidelines Heart Failure (GWTG HF…

…this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding 10% in individuals over 70 years [48] . The lifetime risk of developing HF for an individual at age…

…and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment…

…Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with symptomatic NYHA class II–IV HFrEF. Advanced or refractory heart failure…

…was performed; the type of revascularization; stent related risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required; tolerance of treatment during the initial months. Patients with…

…Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure. These patients experience…

…mortality in patients with NSTE ACS. TIMI, GRACE and PURSUIT are such risk models. The higher the estimated risk, the earlier should angiography be performed…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…Patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (ACS) Exercise stress testing is routinely performed after acute myocardial infarction in order to assess the presence of myocardial…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient…

…Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged…

…Prasugrel, administered in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials did not show any benefit of…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey…

…In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management of an acute illness…

…to the emergence of symptoms. Evaluation Before Rehabilitation Clinical assessment Rehabilitation begins with patient assessment and ongoing medical surveillance. The programme should account for: The…

…worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing of intervention depend…

…For patients with CCS, the recommended goal is: LDL C <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL); and A reduction of at least 50% from…

…as women, and men also display the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning…

…associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for…

…defects and waveform changes Digoxin may be used in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and in selected cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia…

…risk of CAD, invasive coronary angiography is the first line option. Coronary computerized tomography angiography (CCTA) is currently the first line investigation for patients with…

…currently the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines. For details regarding the management of bradycardia…

…syndrome) Individuals with sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction) are at high risk of developing atrial fibrillation, and vice versa. The pathophysiological explanation for this…

…B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum…

…or a reduced requirement for antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure…

…substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly, the ECG findings dictate the management of acute coronary syndromes. Hence, an ECG must be performed and…

…represents amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid is used in children and adult patients. Recommendations for ECG recording…

…suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in patients with…

…Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together with significant ketosis…

…foot pulses are not an acceptable substitute, and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis …

…failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of 70 and A3 is…

…5]. Recognising sepsis Suspected or confirmed infection together with new organ dysfunction must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis…

…prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma…

…GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…is safe in patients with coronary artery disease since it does not increase heart rate, and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Time to onset of action:…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…treated with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Hyperuricemia may occur during treatment with ticagrelor. Caution is advised for patients with hyperuricemia or gout. Use of…

… new severe angina; an accelerating pattern with increasing frequency, duration, or severity; a lower threshold for symptom provocation; or angina occurring after a recent MI…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood…