…sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized…

…in order to detect right ventricular infarction (leads V3R, V4R, V5R, V6R) and posterolateral infarction (leads V7, V8, V9). Criteria for ischemia/infarction have been…

…consent : a person who has not expressed opposition is presumed to have consented to donation. The person's wishes are established in this order: 1…

…Limitations Few adults aged 85 years or older have been included in randomized controlled trials. Moreover, trial participants who were described as frail generally had…

…be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be performed in the presence of absolute contraindications. Relative contraindications call for an individualized assessment…

…is also recommended for risk stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive…

…SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP are intended for apparently healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently…

…despite three or more antihypertensive drugs from different classes at maximally tolerated doses, including a diuretic appropriate for kidney function. In patients with an estimated…

…of patients with PAD have typical symptoms. Many have impaired walking or a slow gait without describing classic claudication. In older adults, approximately 40% are…

…presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If ischaemic discomfort persists, emergency medical services should be called. Patients who have been prescribed…

…less likely in an older patient with non classical features. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has a substantially more diverse genetic basis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants…

…combination, or reduce both Red flags and pitfalls A respiratory rate < 8/min, or an increasing level of sedation , are signs of overdose. Sedation…

…That makes the test useful only if you have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance — usually ptosis or fatigable gaze palsy — that can be…

…important pauses. In an ICD patient, EMI may be interpreted as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy are disabled. Conversely…

…predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly…

…than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account for apparent ischaemic electrocardiographic changes during rapid AF. ST segment depression or T…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…relevant in: individuals with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia or very high LDL cholesterol; people with a family history of premature cardiovascular…

…syndrome and are at high risk of developing a new event. Administration Ticagrelor can be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow…

…In patients who experience a recurrent atherothrombotic or cardiovascular event within 2 years while receiving maximally tolerated statin based treatment, an LDL C goal below…

…in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid ECG thresholds. Several machine learning models for ECG interpretation have been developed…

…and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller…

…the “widow maker.” Patients who survive long enough for clinical evaluation often have some residual antegrade flow, a dynamic thrombus, or collateral circulation that limits…

…Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point increase in LVEF…

…myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension beyond 12 months DAPT beyond 12 months may be considered in patients who: Have tolerated DAPT…

…low risk PE includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in…

…myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury. Elevated…

…of hospitalized patients. Most reports have suggested that comorbidities – e.g. cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most…

…lipoprotein(a) are variable or modest. In phase III studies involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who were receiving statins…

…and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility (for example…

…Infarction). Patients with NSTE ACS who do not develop infarction are classified as unstable angina (UA), which is an imminent precursor to myocardial infarction. NSTEMI…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…Some patients may experience an acute coronary syndrome as the first manifestation of their coronary artery disease. Moreover, patients who have experienced acute coronary events…

…or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most adults with confirmed hypertension…

…For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL…

…syndrome with migraine or Raynaud phenomenon. Associations have also been described with aspirin induced asthma, 5 fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide. Ergot derivatives used for migraine and…

…In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or…

…cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines…

…made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from an anticoagulation clinic…

…EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual…

…patients with chest discomfort who display ST segment depressions in leads V1–V3 are likely have posterior transmural ischemia and should be managed as STE…

…is stronger in younger individuals. Individual patient circumstances and clinical judgment are paramount in determining the appropriateness and feasibility of ECMO initiation. Efficacy of ECMO …

…among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom…

…a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance…

…A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response to treatment carries more weight than a…

…the visual axis requiring an operating microscope. Relative: A patient who cannot keep the gaze still. A deeply embedded body reaching the stroma or deeper…

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

…digitalis effect, marked LVH with ST T changes — is an argument for imaging rather than a conventional exercise test. Preparation and equipment Cycle ergometer with…

…focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or more consecutive beats from a latent pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are referred to as an…

…are symptoms or an unexpected sensor value, the glucose should therefore be checked with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who…

…be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1…

…wall motion abnormality and it may evidence of myocardial infarction, which would have implications for the management of this patient, regardless of the ejection fraction…

…mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with Marfan syndrome who have additional risk factors • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes…

…10% of patients who develop shock present with it at hospital admission; approximately 90% deteriorate during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel…

…patients, may have higher statin blood levels; lower starting doses are therefore appropriate. Drug interactions are particularly important. Inhibition of cytochrome P 450 3A4 or…

…Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be offered cessation support during hospitalization. Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after…

…the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers in heart failure). In…

…by implanted or wearable devices as subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected…

…bundle branch block have poorer survival than their counterparts with intact bundle branches. Individuals with ischemic heart disease (or myocardial infarction) who present with right…

…The COACT, PEARL and TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to urgent angiography. These trials…