…against interleukin 1β, provided proof of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…This patient was 31 years old when she died from sudden cardiac death. References An in depth discussion regarding J wave syndromes is provided by…

…to misclassification of CKD stages. Population Specificity: The equation was derived from a study population primarily consisting of individuals with CKD, limiting its accuracy when…

…figures illustrate the variation produced by differences in patient selection, procedural definitions, and institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic…

…contemporary data support the use of DES in most PCI procedures, including many patients with high bleeding risk, because newer DES provide greater efficacy with…

…since many patients reported a family history of the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the characteristic ST segment elevations in…

…revascularization was performed; the type of revascularization; stent related risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required; tolerance of treatment during the initial months. Patients…

…activation pathway; P2Y12 inhibition therefore provides complementary platelet inhibition. The clinical rationale for DAPT is particularly strong after ACS and coronary stent implantation. ACS is…

…the 20th century, widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients…

…detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The patient's perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It…

…The single most pronounced improvement in the chain of survival is the dramatic increase in rates of bystander CPR ( Figure 2 ). Bystander CPR was provided…

…are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden…

…The effect was consistent in patients with and without diabetes. A pooled analysis of studies involving patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia or ASCVD found an…

…the CHA₂DS₂ VA score was developed to provide a more accurate risk assessment by omitting the sex category component. Components of the CHA₂DS₂ VA Score…

…the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with…

…This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS…

…This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS…

…aspirin is also preferred in patients with intracoronary stents. In acute ACS, aspirin should be administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications…

…a patient with suspected syncope aims to determine whether the transient loss of consciousness was due to syncope, identify the cause, and assess the risk…

…patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, clinicians must clarify whether the ECG was recorded during chest pain, since an ECG without signs of ischemia during…

…33 of 303 in the control group. In another randomized trial involving 1002 patients with established coronary disease, a Mediterranean diet was associated with more…

…a) measurement provides limited additional reclassification beyond currently recommended global risk scores, and its interpretation should remain integrated with the overall risk profile. Measurement Who…

…disturb the patients' rest. It was believed that the mere presence of physicians and nurses caused harmful stress. Approximately 30% of patients died in the…

…gathering information Ask about: the substance, the strength, the formulation and the estimated quantity the time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a…

…unrecognised oesophageal intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level…

…lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide…

…force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up with pain…

…period of 30 years. The ST segment depressions were accentuated during exercise. The patient developed atrial fibrillation at 55 years of age. At age 64…

…the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury. Do not restrain the…

…refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not be carried out. Vaginismus or marked anxiety — plan for extra time…

…30 minutes before the procedure, or over a few days at home for a hard plug. Have the patient lie with the ear uppermost for…

…necessary to perform an exercise stress test, during which it is fundamentally important that the patient performs maximally. Only two variables are needed to determine…

…display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous in high income Western countries. Fortunately, modern antihypertensive therapy enables most patients…

…threats, or any situation in which the individual's life is (or perceived as it is) in danger. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is much more common in…

…in the catheterization laboratory in patients undergoing acute PCI. The PCI operator may use the ECG to obtain immediate confirmation on whether the intervention was…

…covers time windows, indications and contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis, weight based tenecteplase dosing, blood pressure thresholds, monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The…

…unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk…

…have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for the ischaemia. STEMI usually results from rapid…

…and asystole can all occur in one patient. The typical depiction of sudden cardiac death as a gradual transition from sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia…

…Hypothermia and Asphyxia in Avalanche Incidents Hypothermia coupled with asphyxia is commonly observed in victims of avalanche incidents. Typically, by the time emergency services arriv

…hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among these patients are complications related to PACS: 60% die from neurological injuries. 30% die from hemodynamic…

…Patients with acute myocardial infarction may present with typical ischemic chest pain, or with dyspnea, nausea, unexplained weakness, or a combination of these symptoms. The…

…it was the first time to describe how echocardiography (M mode) can be used to diagnose endocarditis. With 2D and later 3D ultrasound, the technology…

…the effects of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) was compared to conventional CPR in patients with refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest. Patients aged 18 to…

…during the stressful circumstances surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest, uncertainty may arise with regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient preferences, patient background…

…fuel the contractile machinery and maintain ion channel function. Neumar et al studied how the ATP concentration diminishes during ventricular fibrillation (VF). This was done…

…concentration measurement is available at some laboratories. Red flags and pitfalls Failing to ask when the last dose was taken. It matters more than the…

…lactate measurement. A meta analysis of emergency department alert systems found an association with lower mortality, but most of the evidence was observational and the…

…but this benefit was accompanied by increased serious gastrointestinal bleeding and a non significant increase in cerebral haemorrhage. Bleeding outcomes The principal harm of aspirin…

…wave peak time may also be prolonged. This prolongation may also be due to myocardial fibrosis which is typical in hypertrophy. Finally, the QRS complex…

…to study patients presenting with LBBB and suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by referring them for urgent reperfusion therapy, which at the time was primarily…

…used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants. It was developed in 2010…

…as prognostic markers during the disease course. In summary, the risk of severe disease and death is several times higher in patients with cardiovascular diseas

…patients, as surgery can bypass complex lesions irrespective of their angiographic complexity. Evolution: SYNTAX Score II To address these limitations, the SYNTAX Score II was…

…ACS is greatest during the third trimester and postpartum period, although SCAD may occur at any time during pregnancy or after delivery. The clinical context…

…interpretation, combined with clinical assessment and imaging modalities, has been shown to improve the identification of these patients. Although current (2025) guidelines continue to uti

…The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who…

…term "early repolarization" was used to describe the ECG pattern. Indeed, the ECG gives the impression that repolarization starts earlier than normal in these patients…

…compared to patients without such disturbances, including those with RBBB and LBBB. This was reported in the Coronary Heart Disease Study,1 which enrolled 10…