…3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such as waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, or dual X ray absorptiometry…

…in the catheterization laboratory in patients undergoing acute PCI. The PCI operator may use the ECG to obtain immediate confirmation on whether the intervention was…

…premature atherosclerotic disease. In a large UK clinical database, autoimmune disease was associated with 23.3 cardiovascular events per 1000 patient years, compared with 15…

…any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient. Consider extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in…

…1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation…

…events prevented was similar to the number of major bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall…

…mm S V1 or S V2 ≥30 mm R V5 or R V6 ≥30 mm 3 Discordant ST T change in a patient not on…

…of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences in…

…to study patients presenting with LBBB and suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by referring them for urgent reperfusion therapy, which at the time was primarily…

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

…early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness:…

…for a surgical airway or awake fibreoptic intubation. A difficult airway is anticipated in a stable patient — awake fibreoptic intubation or anaesthetic back up is…

…no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except…

…in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient…

…is substantially higher in older patients, emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural…

…research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized cardiac…

…individuals with heart failure. Notably, beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do…

…A male patient (Figure 1) presented at age 36 years with an ECG showing deep and persistent, concave upward ST segment depression in leads I…

…it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents, gun violence, threats, or any…

…the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or uncertainty. Intravenous thrombolysis within 4.5 hours improves functional outcome in properly selected patients…

…to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and…

…Describes cardiac death in patients with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and presumed new ischaemic ECG changes, occurring before cTn values become available or abnormal…

…benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance…

…Ask about pregnancy, menstrual status, previous smear results and any previous conisation. Procedure Inspection The patient lies in the lithotomy position, well covered. Say what…

…procedure, or over a few days at home for a hard plug. Have the patient lie with the ear uppermost for 5 minutes after instillation…

…every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After…

…symptoms start (suddenly or gradually)? When did the patient first note the symptoms and how have the symptoms developed over time? In stable ischemic heart…

…the left ventricle, which therefore contracts without pre load (the ventricle is empty or nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and…

…or a combination of these symptoms. The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms…

…al (2023) : In a multicenter, randomized trial, the effects of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) was compared to conventional CPR in patients with refractory out of…

…disease increases gradually at blood pressure levels above 115/75 mm Hg. • A rise in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm…

…end QRS slurring or end QRS notching (the notch is the J wave!). Figure 3. Osborn waves (J waves) in a patient with early repolarization…

…the patient is not simultaneously on a DOAC, low molecular weight heparin and an antiplatelet agent without an indication. Interactions: strong P gp or CYP3A4…

…but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension beyond 12 months DAPT beyond…

…especially in older adults Previous sternotomy or CABG Patient preferences and expectations Frailty and liver cirrhosis are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence…

…should be performed under continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring and must be avoided in patients with carotid bruits, possible or known plaques, or stenosis…

…By contrast, an acute thrombus may form at a site that was previously only mildly or moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically…

…intravenous addiction), elderly patients with altered valves, patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT, ICD). In addition to staphylococcus aureus , hemolytic streptococci…

…exertion For a healthy person, 9 is equivalent to walking slowly at his or her own pace for some minutes. 10 11 Light exertion 12…

…rhythm is shockable). This is explained by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases…

…lipoprotein(a) are variable or modest. In phase III studies involving patients with ASCVD or at least one ASCVD risk equivalent who were receiving statins…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…often check pupil size and reactivity as part of initial and ongoing evaluations of patients in cardiac arrest or after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)…

…team (CAT) and intensive care units and other units caring for resuscitated patients. Figure 1. The chain of survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest…

…patients with total and proximal occlusions may present without ST segment elevations (which they should exhibit) due to rich collateral circulation in the ischemic area…

…Score was created to address the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or…

…identified was SCN5A , the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the cardiac voltage gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) [6] . Loss of function (LOF) mutations in…

…for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other…

…8% (52 of 187 patients) had myocardial injury, defined as elevated troponin T levels (TnT). In hospital mortality rate was 59.6% among cases with…

…GY. Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182,678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur…

…arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence, the Brugada syndrome is a highly malignant disorder that must be recognized by any health care provider…

…may occur at any time during pregnancy or after delivery. The clinical context is particularly important. SCAD should be considered in a young or middle…

…weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication…

…term "early repolarization" was used to describe the ECG pattern. Indeed, the ECG gives the impression that repolarization starts earlier than normal in these patients…

…patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis, cardiomyopathy or…

…no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except…

…vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. In these populations…

…mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening the QT interval and reducing arrhythmic events, contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such…

…mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening the QT interval and reducing arrhythmic events, contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such…

…nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke or coronary revascularization—occurred in 819 patients receiving bempedoic acid (11.7%) and 927 receiving placebo (13.3%). Bempedoic acid…