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Acute stroke and thrombolysis: quick reference

…MRI is immediately available and does not delay treatment Saturation Give oxygen in hypoxia, not routinely to a normoxic patient Temperature Treat fever and look…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…seizures coma The symptom threshold varies. After prolonged hyperglycaemia the patient may experience hypoglycaemia like symptoms at a normal glucose. With frequent hypoglycaemia the warning…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves…

Reduction of dislocations

…so as not to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from 140 to 125 mmol/L…

Cardiac arrest in hypothermia (accidental hypothermia)

…the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…stable patient. Transfusion given solely to reach a laboratory value without a clinical question. A patient who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it does not…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

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