…Longer standing and more severe pain or functional loss reduce the likelihood of successful limb salvage. Evaluation and physical examination ALI requires immediate clinical assessment…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

…disease and at the same time indicates a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or…

…and a neurovascularly threatened limb in which reduction cannot wait. A radiograph after reduction is always taken — to confirm the position and to detect fractures…

…of the foot and toes. Pain that is worse at night or when the limb is horizontal. Improvement when the leg is placed in a…

…chest pain, heart failure and cardiac arrest. In cases with intermittent symptoms, it is important to establish a temporal correlation between symptoms and episodes of…

…renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non…

…per day. Patches have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…