…the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction…

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…

…not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM…

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

…universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia…

…Figure 1. Types of ST segment elevations on ECG. Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1…

…all other causes have been ruled out. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial…

…other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of…

…and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of…

…all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia is…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table…

…of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes; unsaturated fatty acids and other…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…AV block (second degree Mobitz type 2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker…

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

…RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). It acts through degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9 within…

…patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such…

…Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both…

…from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic risk and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies…

…severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…ectopic aldosterone production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…Rhythm control, on the other hand, attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…pulmonary oedema, or evidence of coronary ischaemia. These findings determine the urgency and type of intervention. The assessment should also clarify: Whether AF is pre…

…and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative T wave in V1–V2. Early repolarisation:…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…of the stent, stent diameter less than 3 mm, long stent length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other…

…other situations than does ventricular rhythm; idioventricular rhythm is primarily seen after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of…

…and whether the other variable lies within the expected range of compensation. Sample type and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method…

…or bacterial pericarditis Trauma Cardiac surgery and other iatrogenic cardiovascular procedures Acute aortic disease, particularly ascending or type A aortic dissection Myocardial free wall rupture…

…settings, while the broader lipid lowering recommendation refers to a recurrent event without requiring that it be of the same type as the initial event…

…87 95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.96 P = .004 Other summaries of the trial describe a 14% reduction in the same composite outcome…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

…and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory reactions that promote plaque formation and progression. As the burden of retained…

…aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…