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The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis. Type 1 myocardial infarction…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Definition, Types, Diagnostics & Treatment

…not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy) must be excluded before establishing a diagnosis of DCM…

Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment

…favorable prognosis, as compared with other forms of ventricular tachycardia. Mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) may emerge due to increased/abnormal automaticity, re…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia…

ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses

…Figure 1. Types of ST segment elevations on ECG. Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two…

Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG criteria and management

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1…

Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia

…all other causes have been ruled out. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

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