…be blocked. The degree of blocking in the atrioventricular node is specified by counting the number of flutter waves preceding each QRS complex. If 3…

…fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions…

…and the bleeding risk, and exclude dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The…

…risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women…

…Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may…

…may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and xanthelasma can also occur, although they are less specific for FH…

…syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical characteristics are in line with the disorder. There are however other disorders that may…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history…

…involvement overlying the atria [4, 5]. Other Differential Diagnoses ST segment elevations simulating acute ischemia or infarction may also occur in the following conditions [15…

…in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the…

…during the standard examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines…

…residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific:…

…heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations arising…

…do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented…

…use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin lies in its…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…all common conditions in which an abnormal depolarization (QRS complex) causes abnormalities in the repolarization (ST T segment). For example, a block in the left…

…10–20 mg 20–40 mg 1–2 mL The doses follow the summaries of product characteristics: Lederspan specifies 10–20 mg periarticularly in bursitis…

…essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram…

…herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific…

…In clinical practice, the condition is identified primarily through persistently elevated blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies…

…both conditions. Reverse redistribution : A less common pattern where defects appear worse at rest than during stress, potentially indicating microvascular dysfunction or other pathologies. The…

…smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In CKD…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…exercise ECG) In this article, we will discuss indications, contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during…

…it might be wise to observe the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations, the underlying condition should be targeted and…

…however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not…

…five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing…

…in order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other…

…to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension, with particular vigilance when the clinical…

…bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory…

…with long pauses. Bradycardia in poisoning with a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during…

…from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the…

…may be as much as three times higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral…

…dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly…

…concentration above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn…

…in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to open the…

…travels during the time period. VTI is also called stroke distance. Figure 2 illustrates the recording of VTI using pulsed wave doppler in the aortic…

…occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the…

…to coronary angiography in the general sense; the decision depends on balancing the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks…

…stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible…

…with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary syndrome, revascularisation…

…that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] . Concurrently, the atrial myocardium undergoes structural remodeling…

…and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period the cells die and the…

…ventricular rate within the age specific normal interval. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II…

…of specific arrhythmias in subsequent chapters. Cardiac arrhythmias can be subdivided into the following categories: Bradyarrhythmia s (bradycardia): arrhythmias commonly due to dysfunctional automaticity in…

…value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other…

…Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should be 0.05 to…

…changes in intra and extracellular electrolyte concentrations. Some electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most…

…A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing…

…in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor treatment is required for interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on a relationship observed in…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…on the spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological…

…80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin…

…after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term…

…its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention…

…or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral…

…since the 1960s. In 1948 the NHLBI initiated the Framingham Heart Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk…