…Female specific and female predominant risk factors Risk assessment should include reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later…

…decade in males and approximately 10 years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may…

…Associated Findings: Exertional dyspnea, dizziness, and syncope may also occur [5]. Non Cardiac Causes Several non cardiac conditions can present with chest pain that requires…

…stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the…

…persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular…

…be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with…

…than 12 genetic mutations have been associated with the Brugada syndrome. These mutations are located in genes encoding potassium and calcium channels of the outer…

…X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting…

…arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical…

…specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG, and…

…in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or…

…normal FFR and CFR are associated with an excellent prognosis, whereas discordant measurements require interpretation in the context of the clinical presentation and other findings…

…or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that increase…

…Perfusion defects are further classified based on the intensity of tracer uptake and associated myocardial changes: Mild defects : Characterized by decreased tracer counts while preserving…

…obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In…

…The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay, institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and increased mortality [3…

…STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG and…

…With echocardiography, good conditions are obtained for visualizing the pericardium, its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial…

…Several nonischemic conditions can produce ST segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics…

…examination, other examinations (which are not included in the standard examination), may be warranted. For most pathological conditions, there are specific guidelines (see links below)…

…other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions…

…apply SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP are intended for apparently healthy people or for individuals with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring…

…and junctional, fascicular, or ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Patients may also exhibit neurological or visual symptoms consistent with digitalis toxicity. Several underlying conditions increase a patient's…

…have specific contraindications: Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines…

…In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As explained…

…not an alternative to it. See the separate guide to joint aspiration and injection. Indications Condition Injection site Comment : : : Subacromial bursitis, rotator cuff syndrome The…

…patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions…

…for conducting the test. All personnel must be appropriately trained and the laboratory must be equipped with defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the…

…be wise to observe the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations, the underlying condition should be targeted and, if necessary…

…93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex…

…permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood…

…inhibitor induced cough is primarily clinical and relies on the temporal association of the cough with the medication. Specific diagnostic criteria for cough hypersensitivity syndrome…

…sinus syndrome with long pauses. Bradycardia in poisoning with a beta blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment…

…used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more closely with apoB. Discordantly high apoB is especially associated with metabolic syndrome and mildly elevated triglycerides…

…in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to the renal veins and can reduce GFR…

…The result should be integrated with the history, examination, ECG, echocardiography, and other relevant investigations. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Natriuretic peptide testing is particularly useful…

…4c MI caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1…

…used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to open the airway. No large study has compared oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways…

…the other valves. The area is calculated by measuring the diameter of the valve ( area = π × radius 2 , where radius = diameter/2 ), and…

…prophylactic intubation reduces aspiration or mortality. It has on the contrary been associated with more pneumonia and a longer stay, although the results are influenced…

…complications Radial and femoral access Radial access is generally preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications…

…intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features…

…Frailty and liver cirrhosis are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence the choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific…

…and increased thrombin generation. The clinical consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes associated with AF are typically larger, present with more severe neurological…

…symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis…

…age specific normal interval. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II (and also I and…

…throughout this section align with the guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the American College of…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric…

…Pointed T waves are tall and narrow at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…is characterized by thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with neurological findings, renal failure, or fever. It's a potentially fatal condition that requires prompt…

…Very high HDL C may paradoxically be associated with increased risk, and HDL C should therefore be interpreted as a risk assessment variable rather than…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has lasted hours to days — to distinguish…

…and antihypertensives. Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with…

…benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in…

…its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention…

…to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…