…arrest; the disease is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac arrest among adolescents and athletes (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cause)…

…age of 65 years. Overall penetrance in cardiomyopathy families may reach 70–90% by age 70 years. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), expression may occur more…

…have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome…

…disease), heart failure , cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvular disease . Less common causes are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), Brugada syndrome , long…

…with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, degenerative disease, hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and…

…Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Mental…

…severe aortic stenosis Insufficiently controlled arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Second degree AV block or third degree AV block (not caused…

…rather than by the AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure…

…coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a…

…is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, valve disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive…

…amyloidosis, cardiomyopathy or hypertrophy. Prognosis of nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay Patients with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays are at twice as great a risk of all…

…identify significant valve disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination…

…that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. In patients with stable known or presumed CAD…

…hypertrophic 10–15 s 2 2 mm Verruca vulgaris 10–20 s 2 2 mm Verruca plantaris 20–30 s after paring 2 2 mm…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or…

…cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The…

…deviation — left anterior fascicular block, inferior infarction, hypertrophy +90° to +180° Right axis deviation — right ventricular strain, lateral infarction, left posterior fascicular block −90° to…

…of hypertension. Hypertension becomes more prevalent in women than men after approximately 65 years of age. Hypertension related left ventricular hypertrophy, concentric remodelling, reduced longitudinal…

…does not display ST segment elevations during posterior (posterolateral) transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents…

…seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior…

…depressions. In STE ACS, on the other hand, the ST segment depressions are secondary findings and the primary findings are the ST segment elevations. As…

…by examining fewer leads. On the other hand, for the purpose of diagnosing morphological changes (e.g. myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy), the ability to do…

…and other findings. A reduced CFR may occur with angiographically insignificant epicardial disease because of abnormalities in the coronary resistance vessels. Left ventricular hypertrophy also…

…seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy. Inferior…

…myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection…

…electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening. The most common and clinically most relevant electrolyte imbalances concern…

…Evidence such as increased left atrial size, left ventricular hypertrophy or abnormal LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural or functional…

…of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic ST T changes. They may occur in both NSTEMI and STEMI…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…