…not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other…

…to prevent unnecessary anticoagulation in low risk female patients, thereby reducing the potential for bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed…

…first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains…

…are therefore based on observational data, expert opinion, or extrapolation from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

…Vascular complications 0.43 Contrast agent reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total major complications…

…often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to…

…Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components of the ATRIA Score…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome…

…specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use. No reflow may also occur in association with other procedural complications…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation…

…Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery is completely occluded and is particularly associated with MVD…

…leaves no specimen . That makes the choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time…

…complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A routine invasive strategy does not…

…cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The…

…CAD), in non obstructive coronary arteries, or in patients with intermediate lesions that do not produce physiologically significant flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…the risk of complications calls for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be performed in…

…after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death than men. Despite the effectiveness of…

…rhythms) after confirmed cardiac arrest. If it is not feasible to provide effective CPR due to the position of the victim, it is necessary to…

…is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality…

…higher indicates high risk of major bleeding Note that a high HAS BLED score should not be used as a reason to withhold anticoagulation therapy…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not…

…administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs Corticosteroid therapy Other antiplatelet or antithrombotic drugs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Patient selection Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals…

…evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease. Routine population screening is not recommended because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has not been shown…

…release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation…

…cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A…

…representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences…

…left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures…

…flutter. Similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter can be classified into the following types: Acute atrial flutter (includes newly diagnosed cases). Paroxysmal atrial flutter. Chronic…

…case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one should suspect concomitant right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) if the following ECG criteria are…

…is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect…

…but they do not rule out ischemia. Other features of ischemic ST segment elevations In STE ACS (STEMI) the level of the J point is…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

…population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no account of fat distribution…

…other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable <15 or dialysis DOACs are not…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central…