…preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome…

…spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation…

…premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year…

…and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery is completely occluded and is particularly associated with MVD. Patients with ACS and…

…injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use. No reflow may also occur in association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization…

…retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in…

…affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients…

…coronary, cerebrovascular or other peripheral arterial disease, and management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality…

…therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort, this score aids clinicians in estimating the risk of bleeding complications due to anticoagulants. Components…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly in patients with early onset hypertension…

…Epicardial and microvascular angina can coexist, and this combination is associated with a worse prognosis. VA may occur in the presence of obstructive coronary artery…

…used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype associated with subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light…

…activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous. Lipid rich, macrophage rich plaques are commonly associated with ru

…platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation…

…in women than in men. Smoking, obesity and psychosocial factors are associated with a greater cardiovascular impact in women. Obesity, physical inactivity and depression are…

…is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality…

…is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in…

…Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensives is often necessary to normalize blood pressure. Management of hypertension requires careful consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting…

…reported with acetylsalicylic acid. Discontinue acetylsalicylic acid at the first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is usually a progressive disease. Complications of atrial…

…high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1…

…with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and more controlled freeze on flat surfaces; spray technique is better on irregular surfaces and in the scalp. Complications…

…low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial myocardial ischaemia, dynamic ECG abnormalities, myocardial necrosis, haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications…

…investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of symptoms can be seen in arrhythmogenic tumors of the myocardium; in these cases, the tumor can debut with…

…are therefore based on observational data, expert opinion, or extrapolation from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced…

…for conducting the test. All personnel must be appropriately trained and the laboratory must be equipped with defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10–14 days including oral step down or piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 3 IV Urosepsis with…

…93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary Indications Ticagrelor, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention…

…phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3…

…between LDL C exposure and ASCVD risk is characterized by several principles: Lower LDL C is associated with lower ASCVD risk across the range studied…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre…

…intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke…

…used. Risk in these circumstances appears to track more closely with apoB. Discordantly high apoB is especially associated with metabolic syndrome and mildly elevated triglycerides…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population…

…not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin, so biomarker interpretation must be integrated with the clinical history, ECG…

…which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However…

…from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic risk and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…persons with significant heart disease, predominantly ischemic heart disease. However, most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…is given. An ECG without ischemic ST T changes when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…administration. Radiotracers with higher levels of redistribution can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences…

…with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute transmural ischemia ( Figure 1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other…

…block: ECG criteria, clinical characteristics and management This chapter discusses third degree AV block, which is synonymous with AV dissociation, complete AV block, AV block…

…expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90…

…creatinine ≥133 µmol/L Rivaroxaban 20 mg once daily with food 15 mg once daily at eGFR 15 49 mL/min Edoxaban 60 mg once…

…of treatment response and measurement of residual disease (MRD). Fever of unknown origin or suspected granulomatous disease with marrow involvement. Work up of unexplained iron…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…