…stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents, burns, or…

…cause of acute chest pain but carries a particularly high mortality when diagnosis is delayed. The typical presentation is sudden onset, severe chest, back or…

…evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings, cardiac biomarkers, imaging, angiography, and, occasionally, pathological examination. Pathologically, infarction represents myocardial cell death caused by prolonged ischaemia…

…underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma, seizures (myoclonus), stroke, cognitive dysfunction, Parkinsonism, vegetative state, or brain death. The cause of brain…

…excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery…

…However, a growing body of science suggests that essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease caused by a complex interplay between genes and environment. Industrialization and…

…of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by…

…half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]. Step 1: classify by time…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…in 1961 by Beck et al in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA): [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7…

…of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke…

…Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with…

…bleeding events caused. The evidence is not materially different by age or sex in the overall trial analyses. Some data from a study of healthy…

…the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction AF and other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular…

…equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume, diminished cardiac output, falling…

…cardiac arrest may be aborted either spontaneously or by means of treatment. Interestingly, treatment of VT is considered one of the greatest advances in cardiology…

…other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or…

…patients presenting with asystole or PEA. Duration of cardiac arrest : In cases where cardiac arrest is caused by myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, or primary arrhythmias…

…or has reduced orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment, disorganised thinking, language disturbance or perceptual disturbance Organic cause The condition can…

…arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Second degree AV block or third degree AV block (not caused by medications) Stroke within 1…

…and velocity is measured by means of Doppler (Figure 1). Figure 1. Calculating flow through a cylinder. Velocity Time Integral (VTI, stroke distance) The formula…

…which causes thromboembolic occlusions of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the…

…region. The time limit is not a guarantee. Where the stroke risk is high or the time of onset uncertain, choose the more cautious course…

…and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…itself. It may cause symptoms and impaired quality of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical…

… or An undiagnosed secondary cause of hypertension. White coat hypertension must be excluded with out of office measurements. Objective assessment of adherence may be undertaken…

…used to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10%…

…limb of the S wave In case of complete/incomplete bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm, 2 notches are required in the S wave or…

…performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea…

…• Effective if bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Dopamine Dopamine receptor agonist, α and β agonist Infusion of 5−20 μg/kg/min T½…

…the reason for recording an ECG may itself cause distress. Fortunately, most children (even the youngest) can be distracted by a parent or other personnel…

…without significant ST segment elevations on ECG. NSTE ACS is caused by partial occlusion of the artery (i.e. coronary blood flow is not completely…

…and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of…

…indicative of a noncardiac source [4]. 3. Pneumonia with Pleurisy Pain Characteristics: Pleuritic pain is a common presentation [2]. 4. Other Systemic/Local Causes Conditions…

…some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical…

…fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The phenomenon is explained by variations in heart rate caused by respiration. The heart rate increases during inspiration…

…hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace…

…entirely or partly outside of the conduction system (which is slow). However, WCTs may be supraventricular, if the tachycardia is accompanied by one of the…

…at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A routine invasive strategy does not reduce all cause mortality across…

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

…12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left bundle branch block. Left ventricular hypertrophy…

…cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over time. By contrast, an acute thrombus may form at a site that was previously only mildly or…

…Main causes of cardiac arrhythmias Arrhythmias arise if the impulse formation is abnormal, if the impulse transmission is abnormal, or if both these are abnormal…

…canal or the nasal cavity must be removed. The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or…

…cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other…

…that cause pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with structural heart disease or reduced left ventricular function are not eligible. Effects of propafenone…

…because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased…

…blood tests and other radiological examinations are most often required, in particular computed tomography (DT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomy of the pericardium…

…unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and…

…Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions cause sinus bradycardia…

…shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded…

…by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other…

…from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal…

…to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking…

…curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome, BrS is characterized by a distinct electrocardiographic (ECG…

…by restoring sinus rhythm. Dilated cardiomyopathy is currently the most common indication for heart transplantation. Echocardiography can not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other…

…the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid…

…and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by…

…Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause…