Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often…

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

…days Hospital acquired pneumonia, non severe cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV 8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease…

…Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with…

…moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…often ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair…

…1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment…

…most common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration…

…expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia is the commonest reason…

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…Recommendation : : 0 No anticoagulant 1 Consider an oral anticoagulant, particularly at age ≥ 65 years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to…

…fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12 lead ECG machine able…

…time, a slow technique Underestimated. Methods such as Cunningham's work best with no sedation at all Oral or intravenous analgesia An intravenous opioid, titrated…

…list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct oral anticoagulants) and refer to nephrology at an eGFR < 30, with rapid deterioration, or with A3 albuminuria.

…be given as steroid cover during the test Oestrogen and the combined oral contraceptive These raise cortisol binding globulin and can give falsely normal values…

…Axillary, oral and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads…

…established. Limited data are available for children with sickle cell anemia. Method of Administration Route : Oral. Prasugrel can be taken with or without food. Administering…

…the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure within 2 days before anticipated hospital discharge…

…is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration…

…hypertension, heart failure, and the arrhythmia itself. This remodeling manifests as interstitial fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create…

…anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with placebo…

…the skin perpendicular to the skin tension lines with the thumb and index finger — the biopsy defect then becomes oval when the skin is released…

…node (sinoatrial node) and intrinsic automaticity The sinus node is a small oval structure located near the entrance of the superior vena cava in the…