…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C…

…indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal settings: After ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…plasma concentrations correlate well with oral doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between…

…Peptic ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over…

…IV 8 days including oral step down Hospital acquired pneumonia, severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics…

…with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A markedly raised blood pressure without acute target organ damage should not normally be lowered rapidly with…

…with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow up. Rapid lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…days Mechanical aortic valve 2.5–3.5 Some centres use 2.0–3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and no risk factors Mechanical…

…No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more…

…moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or…

…The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor. Combining aspirin with a P2Y12 inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy…

…hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European definition uses BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP…

…cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment. Cold intravenous fluids (1 2 L crystalloid, with rate 500 ml/h). Cold…

…1973, it was the first time to describe how echocardiography (M mode) can be used to diagnose endocarditis. With 2D and later 3D ultrasound, the…

…curved haemostat, scissors, forceps, suction. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline (epinephrine). Syringe, 27 G and 21 G needles. Irrigation fluid (NaCl 9…

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…the risk with CHA₂DS₂ VA (the sex category has been removed from the Swedish recommendation). Score Recommendation : : 0 No anticoagulant 1 Consider an oral anticoagulant…

…lidocaine gel for the electrode. A glass of water with a straw, a vomit bowl, tissues, suction. Monitoring with ECG, blood pressure and saturation throughout…

…forearm is moved very slowly outwards in the horizontal plane , with pauses each time the patient tenses, until the joint slides back — usually at 70…

…Estimating renal function Formula Used for : : CKD EPI 2021 (creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle…

…samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your own laboratory's method uses. In a suspected Addisonian crisis…

…to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that active hypothermia is still used in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the…

…increase bleeding risk, including oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel, NSAIDs, or fibrinolytics. For patients with active bleeding requiring reversal of prasugrel's pharmacological effect, platelet transfusion may…

…risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required; tolerance of treatment during the initial months. Patients with HBR are the principal candidates for abbreviated DAPT…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with…

…the skin perpendicular to the skin tension lines with the thumb and index finger — the biopsy defect then becomes oval when the skin is released…

…routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium…