…block in healthy skin around the abscess instead of injecting into it, and expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often…

…of adrenal insufficiency. Prophylaxis during longer corticosteroid treatment Risk Action : : Osteoporosis Calcium and vitamin D. A bisphosphonate with longer treatment and risk factors, according to…

…10–14 days including oral step down or gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g…

…no absolute threshold defines the condition. A rapid rise in blood pressure can cause serious organ damage even at lower levels, particularly in pregnancy [1…

…factors can affect the pressure, but emergency department studies show that raised values often persist after the visit and predict future hypertension and cardiovascular risk…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…use 2.0–3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and no risk factors Mechanical mitral valve 2.5–3.5 Never switch to a…

…High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and risk benefit…

…modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause…

…1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment…

…most common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration…

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…directly. An anticoagulant is then given according to CHA₂DS₂ VA 24–48 hours, or risk factors present An anticoagulant before cardioversion, or alternatively transoesophageal echocardiography…

…fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12 lead ECG machine able…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…and very large people. Acute kidney injury (KDIGO) Stage Creatinine Urine output : : : 1 A rise ≥ 26 µmol/L in 48 h, or 1.5–1…

…be given as steroid cover during the test Oestrogen and the combined oral contraceptive These raise cortisol binding globulin and can give falsely normal values…

…Axillary, oral and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads…

…weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5 mg recommended instead of 10 mg). Patients receiving medications that increase bleeding risk, including oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel…

…while increasing to the maximum tolerated dose. A rise in the serum creatinine up to 30% is considered acceptable. In the setting of acute heart…

…modified according to: bleeding risk; ischemic risk; whether revascularization was performed; the type of revascularization; stent related risk; whether long term oral anticoagulation is required…

…this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates a need for closer clinical monitoring and aggressive modification of reversible risk factors (e.g., treating…

…fibrillation: definitions, causes, risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence…

…in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder, the jawline…

…node (sinoatrial node) and intrinsic automaticity The sinus node is a small oval structure located near the entrance of the superior vena cava in the…