…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often…

…is suspected. 3. Insert a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…test later. Preparation and equipment Tetracosactide (Synacthen) 0.25 mg/mL, one ampoule. A peripheral venous cannula and a saline flush. A tube for serum…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease…

…Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with…

…patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment…

…most common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…Apixaban is often preferred, among other reasons because it has the least renally dependent elimination. Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction…

…wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference method for cytotoxic drug dosing and donor assessment For drug dosing: check which measure the dosing recommendation is based…

…oral and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or…

…generally not recommended. If deemed necessary after careful individual benefit risk assessment by the prescribing physician: Initial dose : 60 mg single loading dose. Maintenance dose…

…patients with symptomatic LV dysfunction, and all placebo controlled chronic HFrEF trials using neurohormonal antagonists have demonstrated a reduction in mortality. The absolute benefit is…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…a Class I indication for OAC. Bleeding Risk Assessment: HAS BLED Score Bleeding risk must be quantified using validated tools, with the HAS BLED score…

…scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy…

…the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5…

…Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to be activated rapidly and sequentially…