…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM…

…route of administration. Intravenous (IV) amiodarone generally acts within 1 to 2 hours. Oral onset is delayed, typically requiring 2 to 3 days, and often…

…is suspected. 3. Insert a peripheral venous cannula. 4. Measure the blood pressure in both arms at the first assessment, particularly in chest pain, back…

…pathway, whereas P2Y12 receptor antagonists inhibit a separate platelet activation pathway. The principal oral P2Y12 inhibitors discussed in the source material are clopidogrel, prasugrel, and…

…mg/mL, one ampoule. A peripheral venous cannula and a saline flush. A tube for serum or plasma cortisol according to local instructions, and a…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset…

…among the common opioids in renal failure Ketobemidone IV 2.5–5 mg Oral bioavailability about 35 per cent Paracetamol PO or IV 1 g …

…for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease…

…Points Recommendation Evidence Recommendation Evidence 0 No treatment Low No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with…

…patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such…

…often ICU Usually outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair…

…1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, syncope. Cold environment…

…most common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration…

…expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia is the commonest reason…

…daily 400 mg twice daily 400 mg once daily 400 mg once daily Oral antibiotics Drug eGFR 90 60 89 30 59 15 29 <15 …

…Recommendation : : 0 No anticoagulant 1 Consider an oral anticoagulant, particularly at age ≥ 65 years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to…

…wide or narrow complex tachycardia in which the mechanism needs to be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine…

…miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly…

…not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference method for cytotoxic drug dosing and donor assessment For drug dosing: check which measure the dosing recommendation is based…

…Axillary, oral and tympanic measurement are not adequate — they lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads…

…generally not recommended. If deemed necessary after careful individual benefit risk assessment by the prescribing physician: Initial dose : 60 mg single loading dose. Maintenance dose…

…the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure within 2 days before anticipated hospital discharge…

…is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of bleeding. The duration…

…enlarge. Risk Stratification: Stroke and Bleeding Assessment The decision to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks…

…anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with placebo…

…the skin perpendicular to the skin tension lines with the thumb and index finger — the biopsy defect then becomes oval when the skin is released…

…Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to be activated rapidly and sequentially…