…the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia…

…therefore have both an acidosis and an alkalosis at the same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia…

… myocardial bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign…

…of sleep disordered breathing Hypoventilation Peripheral oedema or venous disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome…

…risk of developing HF for an individual at age 40 is estimated at 24%, a figure that remains consistent across both men and women [10]…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and pathophysiology Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL…

…trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and…

…pharma" sham? These are actually questions that patients tend to ask nowadays and therefore I will make an effort to clarify the issues. Is high…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Secondary hypertension is elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable underlying cause. It should be considered in every…

…a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore…

…of uric acid and may contribute to hyperuricaemia. Uric acid may promote hypertension through effects on the endothelium. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of…

…and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated…

…an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves and…

Procedurer An arterial line is easy to insert and easy to trust too much. Two errors make the reading useless without anyone noticing: the transducer…

…2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]…

…insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Because triglyceride rich particles contribute additional cholesterol—often approximately 30 mg/dL—non HDL C treatment goals are generally…

…insulin responses, gut peptides, hepatic fat synthesis, adipocyte function and metabolic expenditure. Consequently, obesity is only one pathway through which diet affects cardiovascular health; dietary…

…to resting myocardial blood flow. It provides an integrated measure influenced by epicardial stenosis, diffuse atherosclerosis, and coronary microvascular dysfunction. A reduced value may therefore…

…secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent…

…at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg weight × min. Metabolic equivalents are used because the concept offers an easy way…

…phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 …

…mL/kg Sodium bicarbonate 50 mmol in hyperkalaemia or tricyclic poisoning 1 mmol/kg Reversible causes: hypoxia, hypovolaemia, hypo /hyperkalaemia and metabolic disturbance, hypothermia, tamponade…

…three hours. The evidence for an absolute one hour requirement is clearest in septic shock and less certain in sepsis without shock [3,4]. The…

…a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal…

…requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an arterial pH above 7.55 already before starting. Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two…

…decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria. The following…

…or metabolic equivalents, is among the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and…

…blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed…

…resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C with suspected residual atherogenic particle burden In patients with diabetes and combined…

…120 mmHg. This process is primarily mediated by local metabolic mechanisms, which adjust vascular tone in response to myocardial oxygen demand, and myogenic responses, where…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Lathundar An inpatient has a different insulin sensitivity from at home: less food, more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme…

…soon after implantation and declines over time. Evolution of Coronary Stent Platforms Bare metal stents BMS consist of a metallic scaffold without an antiproliferative coating…

…morphine (the active metabolite accumulates). Oxycodone at a reduced dose, at longer intervals Age 75 years Start at half the adult dose and lengthen the…

…dose of 10 mg is not recommended due to higher exposure to the active metabolite and increased bleeding risk compared to patients weighing ≥ 60 kg…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours. The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism…

…ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95 and an absolute risk reduction of 2.4%. There was no…

…70 beats/min; persistent symptoms despite evidence based therapy with an ACE inhibitor or ARNI, a beta blocker and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. In this…

…symptoms may be challenging to differentiate from normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description…

…arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine, sotalol, and dofetilide…

…leading to unconsciousness. The myocardium responds to hypoxia by downregulating metabolism and thus contractility (a consistent finding in acute coronary syndromes). Between 3 8 minutes…

…These two measures – i.e switching to anaerobic metabolism and discontinuing the contractions – enables the myocardium to endure 20 to 30 minutes of severe ischemia…

…stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning…

… avoid morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of…

…With an acute indication: LMWH at treatment dose in parallel. Procedure Initiation with a loading dose Used when a rapid effect is wanted and the…

…® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme…

…neointimal hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation…

…via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial impulses to the ventricles and…

…suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the…

…It was, and still is, suggested that ischemic myocardium secretes protective substances that affect and precondition the metabolism of myocardial cells. Researchers have pushed the…

…® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme…