…include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure…

…clinical disease. HeFH affects approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is…

…trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and…

…failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component…

…Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia nervosa Liquid protein diets Hypothyroidism Bradyarrhythmia Sinus…

…follow. Consider people with the genetic disorder familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), which is caused by genetic mutations affecting the elimination of LDL cholesterol from the blood…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines…

…suggestive of sleep disordered breathing Hypoventilation Peripheral oedema or venous disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate…

…hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include…

…and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated…

…ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow…

…cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients…

…Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…and metabolic expenditure. Food processing, additives and cooking methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of…

…flow reserve with PET. Evaluate myocardial viability, particularly when combined with metabolic imaging. Contribute to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using…

…international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose…

…burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with reduced AF symptoms and better maintenance of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity…

…Increased aerobic metabolism, perfusion, and ventilation result in a higher end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation…

…resuscitation (CPR) following standard protocols, emphasizing concurrent rapid rewarming of the patient. Consider extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in unstable patients. The administration of medications (such…

…as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg weight × min. Metabolic equivalents are…

…the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or less, a MAP below 65 mmHg, delayed capillary refill, cold or mottled skin Metabolism and perfusion A…

…the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin…

…other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an arterial pH…

…Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria. The following categories describe the principal eGFR stages: CKD stage eGFR Clinical context Cardiovascular…

…exercise induced global left ventricular dysfunction. Exercise testing also provides physiological information independent of ischaemia. Maximal exercise capacity, expressed by exercise duration, workload or metabolic…

…discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and inotropic agents. Radiotracers…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

…been changed, who is following it up and when. Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers…

…and lower thrombogenicity. Stent thrombosis Early metallic stents reduced acute closure but introduced the risk of thrombosis related to the intravascular foreign body. First generation…

…in renal failure Morphine PO 5–10 mg as needed The active metabolite accumulates in renal failure Oxycodone IV 2.5–5 mg Oxycodone PO…

…A maintenance dose of 10 mg is not recommended due to higher exposure to the active metabolite and increased bleeding risk compared to patients weighing…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours. The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as…

…acid also activates adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, which regulates substrates involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory signalling. ACLY additionally influences fatty acid synthesis and…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process…

…clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions…

…These two measures – i.e switching to anaerobic metabolism and discontinuing the contractions – enables the myocardium to endure 20 to 30 minutes of severe ischemia…

…should be viewed as approximations due to the following: Registry data indicate that survival is possible with longer periods of no flow ( Rawshani et al…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…

…rather than by negative remodelling. Pathophysiology Neointimal hyperplasia The principal mechanism of ISR is neointimal hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce…

…due to the short half life of adenosine. Anxiety Chestpain. Palpitations. Headache Hypotension. Facial flushing. Sweating. Bronchospasm Dyspnea Nausea Metallic taste Tightness in throat Lightheadedness…

…seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and…

…substances that affect and precondition the metabolism of myocardial cells. Researchers have pushed the notion that repeated cycles of transient ischemia induce the protective effect…

…to risk of hypotension. Clevidipine doses and administration in hypertension. Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension…