…stable patient A venous blood gas is often sufficient as the first sample Precise pCO₂ in suspected ventilatory failure Arterial blood gas Assessment of pO₂…

…regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material…

…often used in clinical settings because it is considered a more accurate indicator of metabolic mass than body weight alone. BSA is utilized in various…

…reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression of symptoms…

…thiamine early , preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4…

…example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is…

…in choosing the level of care. The clinical state, the circulation, comorbidity and the precipitating cause carry at least as much weight as the laboratory…

…torsade de pointes reported to the FDA in postmarketing studies. Anti androgen Cancer (Prostate) Abiraterone is an antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer…

…within all apoB containing particles. ApoB estimates the number of atherogenic particles. For most individuals in whom these measurements are concordant, their clinical utility is…

…and metabolic expenditure. Food processing, additives and cooking methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of…

…years later in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before the age of 20…

…flow reserve with PET. Evaluate myocardial viability, particularly when combined with metabolic imaging. Contribute to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using…

…cardiac explanation Early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident at a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA…

…mortality in the cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this…

…activity Improvement in cardiac metabolic efficiency, including increased oxygen delivery and beta hydroxybutyrate oxidation Reduced sodium hydrogen exchanger subtype 3 activity Attenuation of oxidative stress…

…burden, although improved metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with reduced AF symptoms and better maintenance of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…Increased aerobic metabolism, perfusion, and ventilation result in a higher end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation…

…with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature…

…The basic principles of exercise test protocols will also be discussed in this article. Metabolic equivalent (MET): measuring oxygen consumption Estimation of oxygen consumption is…

…in a survival rate of approximately 30% if the rhythm is shockable upon the arrival of EMS (Rawshani et al). Delay from VT/VF onset…

…FASS) before administration — concentrations and formulations differ between units, and most serious dosing errors arise at the dilution step, not in the choice of dose…

…4]. The first hour, in order The measures should in practice overlap. Document the time of the suspicion of sepsis, the first dose of antibiotic…

…monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure…

…risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an arterial pH above 7.55 already before…

…and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome, in which adiposity…

…an effort to clarify the issues. Is high cholesterol levels a true cause of coronary artery disease? First of all, don't confuse various lipids…

…information independent of ischaemia. Maximal exercise capacity, expressed by exercise duration, workload or metabolic equivalents, is among the strongest predictors of mortality in patients with…

…in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the reductions in hard cardiovascular outcomes (MI, stroke) and metabolic…

…189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories…

…bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

…typically within a range of 50 120 mmHg. This process is primarily mediated by local metabolic mechanisms, which adjust vascular tone in response to myocardial…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…nausea and delayed gastric emptying. Bear this in mind before sedation and endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…assessment and be referred to a specialized centre because the work up may require expertise and technologies unavailable in primary care. Before investigating secondary causes…

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…thrombogenicity. Stent thrombosis Early metallic stents reduced acute closure but introduced the risk of thrombosis related to the intravascular foreign body. First generation DES, particularly…

…needed The active metabolite accumulates in renal failure Oxycodone IV 2.5–5 mg Oxycodone PO 5–10 mg as needed The first choice among…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…mL, though greater arrhythmia suppression may occur up to 3.5 µg/mL at the cost of increased toxicity risk. In routine clinical practice, amiodarone…

…and may affect epigenetic regulation through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg…

…and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012;83:120611. Wood S. Interactions…

…to anaerobic metabolism and discontinue contractions in order to alleviate the ischemia. This enables the cell to endure up to 30 minutes of severe ischemia…

…reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes after the hypoxia is relieved. However, full recovery of contractility…

…out and checked before the first intravenous dose is given. Oxygen with a mask and a bag available. The opioid drawn up in a 1…

…patient is also receiving LMWH, for example in newly diagnosed venous thromboembolism. 1. Check the INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests…

…nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial…

…Definition and Clinical Significance In stent restenosis (ISR) is recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease…

…half life of adenosine. Anxiety Chestpain. Palpitations. Headache Hypotension. Facial flushing. Sweating. Bronchospasm Dyspnea Nausea Metallic taste Tightness in throat Lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling in arms…

…centers. Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) emerges after ROSC or initiation of ECMO. The syndrome was first described by Negovsky …

…a 5 minute occlusion reflow cycle repeatedly to the circumflex artery before a 60 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) would…

…nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion). Dose Initial…