…provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an…

…A regional network should link emergency medical services, non PCI hospitals, PCI centres, intensive care facilities, and, where available, cardiothoracic and advanced haemodynamic support services…

…call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call coagulation service…

…This is not a new experience for either the pathologist or the internist. That there is something lacking in our understanding of this problem is…

…A normal result does not exclude delirium, however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and…

…medical services should be called. Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not…

…is not suspected. 6. Call the PCI service immediately in STEMI, a STEMI equivalent or very high risk NSTEMI. 7. Document symptom onset, first medical…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…service is to give effect to the deceased person's wishes, not to persuade anyone. This article describes the process as it is regulated in…

…by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick…

…fire brigade, emergency services, security guards, etc .), paramedics, EMTs, nurses and physicians in the emergency medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…is therefore recommended in the vascular assessment. A carotid bruit is an important marker of cardiovascular risk, although the source material does not provide diagnostic…

…annually in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not…

…is the most cited researcher in cardiovascular medicine, a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed with current…

…as oxygen supply exceeds oxygen demands. In spite of its spread in textbooks, this theory has not been proven, mostly because we have never been…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG The best ECG book is not the one making it simple In the thrilling and ever evolving field…

…Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities…

…with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection…

…factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A cause is something completely different…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes…

…The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s…

…often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary…

…should be organized regionally (including all components from the emergency medical dispatch to catheterization laboratory) in order to provide reperfusion therapy as early as possible…

…infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in which exercise, lifestyle intervention, education, and guideline directed medical therapy are integrated…

…high risk features. Noninferiority studies designed mainly around bleeding outcomes may not reliably exclude clinically important differences in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary…

…medical education simply. Life in the Fast Lane Australian site with one of the most impressive ECG libraries available. A must for anyone interested in…

…to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) that cannot be controlled despite escalation of antianginal medical therapy…

…are available. ST T changes are extremely common in every population. For example, almost 80% of men display ST segment elevations that are not caused…

…first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may worsen bradycardia and should not be given. • Relative…

…face masks are alternatives in intolerance. A hydrocolloid dressing for the bridge of the nose applied before the mask goes on, not after the sore…

…fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude…

…Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia…

…generally tolerate ischaemia for approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential…

…functional imaging should generally be preferred when available. Exercise ECG is not recommended as a rule out test in this group if those modalities are…

…not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In…

…lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not routinely…

…refractory despite medical therapy when significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically suitable for treatment. Revascularization improves angina related health status, but it should not be…

…or posterolateral infarction. Its recognition is clinically important because posterior infarction may not produce conventional ST segment elevation in the standard 12 lead ECG. Instead…

…be curable when its cause is clearly established and removed. Cure is not universal, however. Delayed recognition may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to…

…with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in the field. However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure…

…catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart…

…clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

…This is not a new experience for either the pathologist or the internist. That there is something lacking in our understanding of this problem is…

…in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot be identified reliably by radiography. Assessment should include consideration of associated vascular disease. In patients with AAA…

…of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However, two distinct side effects—nonproductive cough and angioedema…

…symptomatic hypotension. Diagnostics The source material does not cover specific diagnostic modalities such as ECG, imaging, or electrophysiology in relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers…

…uncomplicated acute coronary syndrome when LVEF is 40% is not definitive. Observational studies have yielded conflicting results, and the appropriate duration of therapy in p

…term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated hypertension. It does, however, identify…

…patient is suitable for PCI, CABG, or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications…

…over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and…

…includes: Targeted medical history Physical examination Vital sign assessment 12 lead ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material does not provide…

…demonstrable ischaemia. However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction in mortality or myocardial infarction with routine CTO PCI compared with medical therapy. Clinical presentation…

…records are incomplete. A full device check should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should…

…the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being tested…

…medical or surgical illness is present before the event. Although STEMI may occur at any time, circadian variations have been reported, with clusters occurring in…

…the symptoms generally do not resolve simply with cessation of activity, unlike typical exertional angina. A precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half…