…fire brigade, emergency services, security guards, etc .), paramedics, EMTs, nurses and physicians in the emergency medical system (EMS), as well as the hospital cardiac arrest…

…drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided by laymen, EMTs (emergency medical technicians), nurses, paramedics, physicians. BLS is provided until advanced life…

…with a recent TIA or stroke, particularly when the event occurred within 3 months and the ipsilateral stenosis exceeds 70%. Patients being assessed before non…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG Early repolarization pattern: confused J points, notches and slurs I once had the privilige of attending a lecture…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia The definition of ischemia may appear trivial but it is actually a very…

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Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Genetic and miscellaneous conditions A novel potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndrome identified with ECG The…

…Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes…

ECG The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the…

CPR Hearts too good to die In 1961 the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article titled Hearts too good to die…

…24 hour Holter A few times per week 48–72 hour Holter or 7 day recording About once a month Thumb ECG or event recorder…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost…

…Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact…

…education, psychosocial support, vocational guidance, medical surveillance, and appropriate pharmacological treatment. After myocardial infarction, rehabilitation aims to: Restore and improve functional capacity Reduce disability and…

…percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a…

…practice guidelines for emergency medicine (and prehospital medicine). This is high quality medical education simply. Life in the Fast Lane Australian site with one of…

…It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery…

…chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused…

…AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please…

…acidosis , that is, a pH below 7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen…

…Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

…Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia…

…generally tolerate ischaemia for approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential…

…to exercise Detection of exercise induced arrhythmias Identification of exercise related ST segment changes Prognostic and risk stratification information Assessment of response to selected medical…

…angina related health status but does not reverse coronary atherosclerosis. Long term benefit therefore depends on the integration of revascularisation with guideline directed medical therapy…

…should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic…

…revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically suitable for treatment. Revascularization improves angina related health status…

…or chest pain equivalent symptoms. The ECG assessment remains necessary even when symptoms have improved by the time of medical evaluation, because transient or evolving…

…symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension. The initial clinical assessment should establish: Whether hypertension is genuinely present Factors that may…

…seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency department or contacting primary care first. If ischaemic discomfort persists, emergency medical services should…

…In out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) the initial rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene…

…degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e.g. myocardial remodeling in heart failure or after myocardial…

…includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of…

…HFimpEF). HFimpEF refers to patients with a historical baseline LVEF ≤40% that has subsequently improved to 40% under guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT). These patients…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

…80 years. This was expressed in 1961 by Beck et al in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA): [...] Of every 10 such victims, the…

…management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics may be used for symptom relief. Surgical repair or valve replacement is considered when medical therapy…

…as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS…

…long as the assessment takes. The task of the health service is to give effect to the deceased person's wishes, not to persuade anyone…

…of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating into ventricular fibrillation. By Bagnall et al: BMC Medical Genetics 15 (2014): 99. Polymorphic vent

…rapidly. Rapid enlargement is defined in the source recommendations as at least 10 mm per year or at least 5 mm over 6 months. Such…

…Due to the risk of airway compromise, it represents a medical emergency. Evaluation and Physical Examination The evaluation of chronic cough in a patient taking…

…safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure within 2 days before anticipated hospital discharge and…

…initiation and after each adjustment. Persistent symptoms despite appropriately titrated medical therapy should prompt consideration of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected…

…Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a medical history indicating possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical…

…delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or a positive troponin assay identifies patients in whom an invasive strategy…

…compatible with HeFH. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment begins with systematic lipid screening and a careful clinical, medical, social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation…

…The initial evaluation includes: Targeted medical history Physical examination Vital sign assessment 12 lead ECG Initial hs cTn measurement Continuous cardiac monitoring The source material…

…However, randomized evidence has not shown a reduction in mortality or myocardial infarction with routine CTO PCI compared with medical therapy. Clinical presentation and symptoms…

…recently interrogated and whether any malfunction has been identified. Information should be obtained from the device identification card, the medical record, prior device interrogation, and…

…angiography may be appropriate, particularly when symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated…

…vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or a medical or surgical illness is present before the event. Although STEMI may occur at any time, circadian variations…

…precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering in the morning…

…A regional network should link emergency medical services, non PCI hospitals, PCI centres, intensive care facilities, and, where available, cardiothoracic and advanced haemodynamic support services…

…be defined before revascularization Residual ischaemia must be assessed after initiation of medical treatment LV function requires evaluation in the setting of suspected ischaemia or…