…regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse…

…of several possibilities: Extension of the original infarction or reinfarction Acute native vessel thrombosis Stent thrombosis Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of…

…stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Age and sex…

…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Recurrent dynamic ECG changes suggestive of ischaemia…

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

…acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when the coronary artery is completely occluded and is particularly associated with MVD…

…if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open…

…a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…instability or cardiogenic shock recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction…

…cardiogenic shock. Identification of life threatening arrhythmias. Assessment for high risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated time to primary PCI. Patients…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…Ongoing or newly recognized LV systolic dysfunction. A patient may also present because of complications of the underlying infarction or LV remodeling, including heart failure…

…acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care in…

…will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor defects can go…

…form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical…

…Use of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias…

Cardiology The ischemic cascade The ischemic cascade describes the sequence of events during myocardial ischemia, beginning with perfusion abnormalities and ultimately leading to chest pain…

…agents Platelet transfusion has weak evidence; discuss with the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is…

…except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral stenosis, where warfarin applies. Apixaban is often preferred, among other reasons because it…

…Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically…

…to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2%–24% of patients…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…

…g skeleton, calcifications, mechanical heart valves) and reflect virtually all sound waves, leaving too few waves to explore the area behind the reflector. This results…

…endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number…

…that ensures that no other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals are supported by a backing layer that suppresses the vibrations of the crystals…

…replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term…

…the R wave The shock is delivered immediately Why Avoids the vulnerable phase of the T wave There is no R wave to synchronise to…

…heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…the risk of thromboembolism (stroke, TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation…

…myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The interaction between cardiac and renal…

…The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may…

…direct activation of voltage sensitive calcium channels. At lower doses, dobutamine stimulates beta2 and alpha receptors, inducing vasodilation, decreasing aortic impedance and systemic vascular resistance…

…or cardiac surgical sympathetic denervation can be performed to mechanically reduce sympathetic output [4]. Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives for Drug Failure The provided context…

…explain the marked differences in characteristics and outcomes across the data sources for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA…

…spread of an electrical impulse is therefore directly coupled to a mechanical event; this is referred to as electromechanical coupling . The electrical conduction system of…

…resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke, and initiation of renal replacement therapy. The study…

…block): definition, causes, diagnosis & management This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree…

…cordis occurs as a result of a blunt, non penetrating blow to the chest, typically over the precordium. The mechanical impact can induce ventricular fibrillation…

…Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar to vascular…

…valvular function, and ventricular function. A large body of science has demonstrated that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute…

…at any age. Exercise, or any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause…

…higher lifetime risk of developing HFpEF, a phenomenon attributed to intrinsic sex differences in cardiovascular aging, including smaller ventricular cavities, greater age related vascular stiffening…

…is increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased…

Echocardiography Diastolic function and echocardiographic assessment The importance of systolic function can be understood on an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle…

…chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute…

…aortic regurgitation gradually leads to impaired contractile function and the development of myocardial fibrosis. Contractile dysfunction further aggravates the regurgitation (the regurgitation volume increases). Mechanically…

…electrically and mechanically, along their long axis. This cell architecture is referred to as a syncytium , which implies that the entire network of cells functions…

…provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences in contractile function are of utmost importance, particularly in the setting of (confirmed or suspected) myocardial…