…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…the anticoagulation indication. Previous stroke or TIA. The presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular…

…acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care in…

…a new cardiac murmur, or jugular venous distension in the days after MI should prompt immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be…

…are routinely missed. The third thing to know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous…

…heart failure presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of…

…acute severe heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Identification of life threatening arrhythmias. Assessment for high risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated…

…to medical treatment life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. acute heart failure recurrent dynamic ST segment or T wave…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…heart failure. Recurrent ischemia or reinfarction. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Features suggesting systemic embolization. In patients with recurrent chest pain and hemodynamic compromise after MI, mechanical complications…

…of several possibilities: Extension of the original infarction or reinfarction Acute native vessel thrombosis Stent thrombosis Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of…

…In cardiogenic shock, the principal precipitating mechanisms include ischaemia related heart failure, acute severe mitral regurgitation, and other mechanical complications. Shock occurs more often when…

…thickness. Strain imaging is also used routinely to visualize regional myocardial function and mechanics. Loading conditions and heart rate may affect left ventricular function. Transesophageal…

…leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit of resynchronization pacemaker therapy [7]. R Wave Peak…

…its major complications—including myocardial infarction, unstable angina and stroke—may occur abruptly and without preceding warning. Initiation and progression of the fatty streak The…

…with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium supplied…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new medium, which may also start to vibrate (Figure 1). Figure 1. The principle of how sound…

…the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function…

…Importance of heart rate during myocardial perfusion imaging It is generally accepted that achieving 85% of the age adjusted maximum heart rate (MHR) is sufficient…

…target INR 2.0 3.0 A mechanical valve may require a higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and…

…2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to warfarin except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral stenosis…

…EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade…

…whoever starts the drug is responsible for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated…

…Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), may be required in this setting. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation reflects the severity of…

…to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2%–24% of patients…

…intimate understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in…

…g skeleton, calcifications, mechanical heart valves) and reflect virtually all sound waves, leaving too few waves to explore the area behind the reflector. This results…

…endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number…

…ultrasound waves, they begin to vibrate and these mechanical vibrations are converted into electric current that is sent back to the ultrasound machine, where the…

…Valve replacement can be performed with biological or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long…

…the R wave The shock is delivered immediately Why Avoids the vulnerable phase of the T wave There is no R wave to synchronise to…

…heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45° Stress ulcer prophylaxis During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding…

…mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve. The order of management in acute bradycardia Atropine is given in doses of…

…If oral anticoagulation is indicated, NOACs should be chosen except in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves; for these patients…

…of the heart to provide blood flow appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of…

…Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the underlying problem is necessary for durable treatment…

…advanced heart failure care capabilities, including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted. Diagnostics Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of…

…or cardiac surgical sympathetic denervation can be performed to mechanically reduce sympathetic output [4]. Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives for Drug Failure The provided context…

…explain the marked differences in characteristics and outcomes across the data sources for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA…

…therefore directly coupled to a mechanical event; this is referred to as electromechanical coupling . The electrical conduction system of the heart The sinus node (sinoatrial…

…use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart failure…

…Figure 1. Components of the ventricular conduction system and the temporal association between the ECG waveforms and impulse transmission through the heart. Atrioventricular (AV) blocks…

…standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non…

…Figure 1. Layers of the left ventricular wall, pericardium and ventricular cavity. The endocardium The endocardium lines the atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar…

…improve cardiac function and survival dramatically in heart failure ( Yancy et al ). Acquiring a basic understanding of cardiac function requires an understanding of myocardial mechanics…

…The majority of these are genes encoding desmosomal proteins . The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically…

…by a deeper understanding of myocardial mechanics and clinical outcomes. The 2022 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America (AHA…

…In aortic stenosis, there is increased resistance in the aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and…

…be studied using pulsed Doppler. The sample volume (in apical view) is placed at the tips of the mitral valve leaflets (Figure 2, top right)…

…than a corresponding stable chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L…

…Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome…

…potential, it is activated and contracts. Figure 1 illustrates the relevant components of the conduction system, the heart and the classical ECG waveforms. Figure 1 …

…provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences in contractile function are of utmost importance, particularly in the setting of (confirmed or suspected) myocardial…