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Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes…

Central venous catheter

…for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of…

Abscess incision and drainage

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1…

Vulnerable Plaque and Mechanisms of Acute Coronary Occlusion

…and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…the source material. Delayed help seeking is associated with older age, female sex, Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of angina or…

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