…the Doppler effect can also be used to study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the frequency of ultrasound waves that are…

…the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for…

…is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia. It may predate the coronary event, be detected for…

…are the principal candidates for abbreviated DAPT. However, much of the evidence for shortened regimens derives from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic…

…tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings can…

…the elderly also tend to have more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate…

…while low sound has small pressure differences along the sound wave. Amplitude is denoted in the unit decibels (dB) . Frequency Frequency is the number of…

…dysfunction, side effects of medications and acute myocardial infarction. Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If…

…postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than…

…the gain for all reflected sound waves, making all objects in the image whiter. This may clarify some tissue borders but excessive use of gain…

…compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily…

…frequently combined to achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use…

…frequently combined to achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use…

…further fall Level 2, clinically significant < 3.0 mmol/L A seriously low glucose; immediate treatment is required Level 3, severe hypoglycaemia No defined…

…reserved for the smaller subgroup in which iodinated contrast is considered causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs…

…superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single Pill Combinations Fixed dose, single pill combinations are preferred whenever combination treatment is used…

…its clinical use. After the initial treatment phase, administration is required only twice annually. This may reduce the adherence barriers associated with more frequent injectable…

…provide better haemodynamic stability. Define the operative electrical environment The surgical team should establish: Whether electrosurgery or diathermy will be used. Whether monopolar or bipolar…

…frequently confused ECG findings. This is largely due to the fact that a universal definition of early repolarization is still lacking. Consequently, ECG criteria for…

…protocol depends mainly on local traditions. The treadmill and cycle ergometer (bicycle) are the most frequently used test methods. Cycle ergometer is preferred in Europe…

… check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable <15 or dialysis DOACs are not recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval…

…a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg…

…the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic…

…associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding, reverse causality, and the association of arterial stiffness with both low DBP and increased…

…to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body temperature, there is a 6% decrease in oxygen consumption…

…is pericarditis. Because it is difficult to determine if there is also myocarditis (which is frequent), it is common to use the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic…

…There is no consensus regarding the criteria for ECMO initiation. However, frequently used criteria include the following: A witnessed cardiac arrest attended by immediate bystander…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Lathundar An inpatient has a different insulin sensitivity from at home: less food, more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal…

…sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke specifically…

…SCD) : In patients with a low ejection fraction, syncope is considered a risk factor for death [15]. For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular…

…looking for Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly as evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or…

…and prolonged TAD strongly suggests ARVC. Low limb lead voltage. Patients with ARVC display frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC), which may advance to monomorphic ventricular…

…exhibit ST segment elevations, but the condition should be managed as STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) in terms of treatment and interventions. As discussed previously…

…considered when the anticipated benefit is sufficient, with coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring used when treatment decisions remain uncertain. Secondary prevention Individuals with established clinical…

…hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker…

…the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk …

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL receptor) on hepatocytes…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect…

…Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular…

…and donor assessment For drug dosing: check which measure the dosing recommendation is based on. The absolute GFR (mL/min) must be used for dosing…

…arm span divided by 1.06 is used as the height. Procedure 1. Explain and demonstrate. Show for yourself what a maximal blow looks like…

…in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of…

…As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation patients. By excluding the sex parameter…

…when LDL C is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment…

…any statin regimen. The treatment sequence for patients with chronic coronary syndrome is: Lifestyle intervention and a maximally tolerated high intensity statin. Add ezetimibe if…

…Patients already taking low or moderate intensity statins should have treatment intensified. The 2025 ACS guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients…

…capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption…

…and appear brighter on the image. Structures with low echogenicity reflect less ultrasound and become darker in the image. Acoustic shadowing Some structures have very…

…an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is primarily developed for out of hospital…

…currently the first line investigation for patients with low risk of CAD. Risk stratification : Myocardial perfusion imaging is valuable for assessing the risk of future…

…valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically results…

…fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation. ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation, fine (low amplitudes). ECG 6 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse. ECG 7 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse…

…trauma are characterized by very low survival rates. In the nationwide Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, the 30 day survival for traumatic cardiac arrest is…

…is hypoxaemic. Oxygen is not a treatment for dyspnoea as such and must not be given uncontrolled simply because the patient feels breathless. Excessive oxygen…

…failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component…