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Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging)

…the Doppler effect can also be used to study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the frequency of ultrasound waves that are…

Cardiac amyloidosis

…the low flow, low gradient phenotype, or those undergoing aortic valve replacement [1, 5, 10]. A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia. It may predate the coronary event, be detected for…

De-escalation and Shortened Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

…are the principal candidates for abbreviated DAPT. However, much of the evidence for shortened regimens derives from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic…

Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings can…

Exercise stress testing in special patient populations

…the elderly also tend to have more atherosclerosis (both in frequency and severity) which may compensate for the inability to reach their maximal heart rate…

Physics of ultrasound

…while low sound has small pressure differences along the sound wave. Amplitude is denoted in the unit decibels (dB) . Frequency Frequency is the number of…

Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management

…dysfunction, side effects of medications and acute myocardial infarction. Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If…

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than…

Optimization of the ultrasound image

…the gain for all reflected sound waves, making all objects in the image whiter. This may clarify some tissue borders but excessive use of gain…

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