…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin…

…despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated predominantly in the liver by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1. This activating enzyme is…

…INR before the first dose. A raised baseline value suggests liver disease or vitamin K deficiency and must be investigated before treatment is started. 2…

…blood flow rather than pulmonary vascular disease. This state is termed unclassified PH. Potential explanations include congenital heart disease, liver disease, airway or lung disease…

…dL in men or <12 g/dL in women (3 points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent…

…metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung, fat…

…By reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, it decreases the quantity of cholesterol delivered to the liver. The resulting hepatic response includes increased expression of low density…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…in some cases, fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to…

…the reductions in hard cardiovascular outcomes (MI, stroke) and metabolic liver disease involve significant weight independent pathways. 15 Metabolic Reprogramming and Vascular Health GLP 1…

…oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients with metabolic syndrome. A…

…marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no contraindication to analgesia in the acute abdomen . The notion that an opioid…

…History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C. Dosage Adults Initial dose : A single loading…

…active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding. Previous intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, clarithromycin…

…history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable red…

…may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins, endothelial function, systemic inflammation, liver fat synthesis, adiposity, thrombosis and coagulation, cardiac function, satiety, appetite…

…with ezetimibe where appropriate. Established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and FH are principal settings in which these drugs have received approval. In chronic coronary…

…woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is generally regarded as a severe preeclamptic phenotype or variant. Pathophysiology The…

…1% of live births, and 10% of aborted fetuses, with no significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during…

…pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same…

…tissue enzymes, including neprilysin. Their respective half lives therefore differ substantially: approximately 20 minutes for BNP and 90 minutes for NT proBNP. Consequently, plasma concentrations…

…common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200.000 live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1…

…use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible. Severe angina…

…CRP, creatinine, electrolytes, liver function tests, glucose and lactate. Add a blood gas, coagulation tests and other investigations according to the clinical picture 5 Take…

…defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S wave systolic flow reversal, jet reaching liver veins Additional quantitative parameters Mild…

…APTT, creatinine, electrolytes, liver function tests, albumin, urea and a blood gas with lactate 5 Give crystalloid in small boluses with frequent reassessment. Give blood…

…score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International…

…defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow S dominant Reduced S wave systolic flow reversal, jet reaching liver veins Additional quantitative parameters Mild…

…75 years Start at half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity…

…most superficially, where the distance from the skin is shortest, and where no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access…

…safe triangle (Figure 1). Outside it the risk of injuring the diaphragm, liver, spleen or internal thoracic artery increases. For diagnostic aspiration the point chosen…

…Taken immediately and repeated in impaired consciousness, or with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta blocker or liver failure Blood gas pH, pCO2, bicarbonate, lactate and…

…or a rising lactate Kidney A rise in creatinine, oliguria, or a urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/h Liver A rise in bilirubin,

…necessary. Impaired renal function : No dose adjustments are necessary. Impaired liver function : No dose adjustments are necessary. Elderly (≥ 65 years) : No dose adjustments are necessary…

…validated tools, with the HAS BLED score being the most widely recommended. It evaluates Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke history, Bleeding history, Labile INRs…

…burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum A live insect As soon as possible — kill it first…

…low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than a few nanograms per liter of blood (typically <5 ng/L). This is explained…