Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and scope Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) that include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, systemic…

…innate immune pathways, cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and…

…severity of baseline stenosis does not reliably predict the site of future STEMI; rather, it is the biological composition and inflammatory activity of the plaque…

…weeks, improvement with anti inflammatory treatment, and the tendency to recur all support an immunopathological mechanism. The precise cause, however, is not fully established. At…

…intima, differentiate into macrophages and participate in a sustained inflammatory response. Lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and immune activation progressively alter the local vascular environment. The…

…is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the…

…His Purkinje system. The underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by…

…uteroplacental ischaemia, an exaggerated maternal inflammatory response, and disturbed angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production…

…an incomplete representation of atherogenic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms ApoB elevation and increased non HDL C are laboratory abnormalities and do not produce specific

…can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac…

…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

…both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently…

…Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives for Drug Failure The provided context does not contain specific information regarding the formal criteria for evaluating the success of…

…metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis, which has a more prominent inflammatory component and may progress to cirrhosis and end stage liver disease. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty…

…which regulates substrates involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory signalling. ACLY additionally influences fatty acid synthesis and may affect epigenetic regulation through changes in DNA…

…may influence management. A single measurement is generally sufficient because Lp(a) is genetically determined and does not fluctuate substantially over the lifetime. A repeat…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which must be tapered in a controlled fashion)…

…Diagnostic biopsy before definitive surgery Inflammatory dermatosis 4 mm punch from the active edge, not from the centre Include epidermis and dermis Bullous dermatosis Two…

…fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not explained…

…Systemic hypertension Marfan syndrome Loeys–Dietz syndrome Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the…

…free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis…

…Anti Inflammatory Signaling: These agents inhibit pro inflammatory pathways (NF κB and MAPK) in vascular smooth muscle cells, reducing cytokines like IL 6 and…

…source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of pericardial effusion may not cause any ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion…

…reduces thrombogenicity, and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater…

…premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis…

…during effective decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified by eGFR and albuminuria…

…lower jaw, neck, or occipital region. It typically occurs at rest, lasts longer than ordinary angina, and does not reliably resolve when activity stops or

…not simply to establish whether the patient has ACS. It is to determine whether the patient is clinically unstable, identify life threatening diagnoses rapidly, and…

…before cleaning the skin. 2. Clean and let it dry. Do not palpate the puncture site again with an unsterile hand. 3. Insert the needle…

…outcomes Contemporary primary prevention studies and meta analyses show that aspirin can reduce non fatal cardiovascular events, but does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause…

…induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension…

…or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia…

…reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs…

…and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every…

…Systemic inflammation results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is…

…reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients who are not in specialized cardiac arrest centers should…