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Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG)

…adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology in neonates, infants and during the childhood years. Below follows…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure blood (exudate…

Isoprenaline and Dopamine Infusions for Bradycardia

…extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an implantable loop recorder is essential to accurately establish the diagnosis. Electrophysiology In patients with presyncope or syncope…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive…

Common laboratory tests

…Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin T < 14 ng/L The decision thresholds are assay specific — follow the local 0/1 hour protocol NT proBNP <…

Edrophonium test

…a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should be 0.05 to…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…the presence of troponins in most normal persons. In 2017 it was possible to detect myocardial infarctions 100 times smaller than what was possible to…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to previous injections…

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