Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…BMI is a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no account…

…the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension…

…onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute…

…specialized clinical training to manage cardiac arrest during pregnancy. Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital…

…the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for…

…individual's life is (or perceived as it is) in danger. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is much more common in women (70% are women) and elderly individuals…

…110 mg twice daily if age ≥80 years, concomitant verapamil or increased bleeding risk Warfarin Individual, target INR 2.0 3.0 A mechanical valve…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia Rate…

…Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear…

…The HCM Risk SCD score aims to identify individuals with a high risk of SCD and determine whether an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is warranted…

…generally not recommended. If deemed necessary after careful individual benefit risk assessment by the prescribing physician: Initial dose : 60 mg single loading dose. Maintenance dose…

…least one major criterion or two minor criteria. The source material does not provide the individual ARC HBR criteria. Modification of antiplatelet therapy may involve:…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…potential hyperaemic flow. FFR is consequently a measure of the physiological effect of an individual epicardial lesion rather than its anatomical appearance alone. Coronary angiography…

…The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to the statin, dose, and individual response. In general, statins reduce LDL C by approximately 30–55%…

…body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot distinguish adipose tissue from lean mass. Waist circumference…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…Thus, an individual plaque’s morphology does not reliably establish that it will cause an acute event. A more clinically useful model considers both the…

…However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac arrest may be sufficient to resuscitate the individual, especially if an automatic external defibrillator…

…in oxygen consumption (Wood et al.). Evaluating the vitality of a hypothermic individual can be challenging, especially when discerning between hypothermic unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest…

…in Brugada syndrome Brugada syndrome is a rare channelopathy (an electrical disorder caused by mutations in cardiac ion channels) which predisposes the individual to syncope…

…the aorta, the greater the load on individual muscle fibers. Also, the load on individual fibers is positively correlated with left ventricular volume, meaning that…

…alpha 2 agonists and antipsychotics, which mainly affect individual symptoms. Initial management ABCDE and immediate tests Assess the withdrawal and other life threatening conditions at…

… a higher threshold may be considered individually in ongoing ischaemia Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that has been stabilised 70 g/L — a more liberal strategy gives…

…through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar…

…above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six months during ongoing compression…

…Low molecular weight heparin with dose adjustment, or warfarin Subsegmental pulmonary embolism without deep vein thrombosis An individual assessment; in selected cases the patient can…

…their accuracies are moderate. Clinical judgment should always complement risk scores, considering individual patient characteristics and preferences when making therapeutic decisions. References 1. Fang MC…

…onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute…

…blood pressure. Additionally, individual variations in arterial compliance and pulse pressure can affect the accuracy of MAP estimations derived from standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP…

…= 60 / HR Validity of QT correction formulas The accuracy of QT correction formulas can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for the individual patient. The recommended procedure…

…of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins, bempedoic acid 180 mg daily produced approximately 21% reductions in both LDL C and hsCRP. Individual responses…

…older patients may need treatment to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time…

…a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known clinical coronary artery disease, especially when…

…being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who achieve recommended exercise volumes; therefore, prevention…

…Mechanically, wall stress (the load on individual muscle fibers) increases while the contractile function worsens. Chronic aortic regurgitation also leads to increasing LVEDP and LAP…

…troponin T levels in acute myocardial infarction. Troponin I levels may be up to 100 times higher than troponin T in the same individual. Hence…

…of the expected maximum heart rate. The reasons for this follows: There is substantial individual variation in maximum heart rate . The standard deviation for maximum…

…for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life if the circulation is temporarily supported by ECMO. Furthermore…

…in the case of a partial occlusion. Coronary artery anatomy There is individual variation in the coronary artery anatomy. These details will be discussed in…

…LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering, affecting an estimated 64 million individuals worldwide. In developed nations, the…

…onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute…

…Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with heart failure ( Packer et al ) and 30% of people…

…or more frequently, as individually appropriate. 3 Important study: Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock (N Engl J Med 2021…

…arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions on an unconscious individual. The potential benefit outweighs the…

Procedurer Opioids have no standard dose. The effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a…

…Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes…

…coronary syndromes (myocardial infarction), women, elderly and revascularized individuals Clinicians should be familiar with the special challenges posed by some patient populations. The sensitivity, specificity…

…Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes…

…from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays. They can identify troponin concentrations in approximately 50–95% of healthy individuals, whereas sensitive…

…of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly with age. Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among…

…among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to accompany atrial fibrillation, although some individuals may only…

…from children to the elderly, and frequently occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. The arrhythmia is characterized by its abrupt onset and termination and typically presents…

…of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy individuals, a tension pneumothorax arises when the…

…increase heart rate Chronotropic incompetence is an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. The condition is very common among individuals with heart failure. Notably…

…affects cardiovascular and total mortality. Left bundle branch block is more common in individuals with structural and ischemic heart disease. Assessment of ischemia on ECG…