…score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small; they have a more stretched appearance and…

…cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood…

…many instances. Cardiac tamponade : Tamponade in trauma patients is due to blood accumulation in the pericardial sack. This impairs atrial and ventricular filling, such that…

…due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease. Relevant abnormalities include bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias, AV block, acute myocardial ischemia, old myocardial infarction, long QT, and…

…is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former…

…dose of 10 mg is not recommended due to higher exposure to the active metabolite and increased bleeding risk compared to patients weighing ≥ 60 kg…

…induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest…

…occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism (discussed below) and…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…in burden and may lead to distal coronary embolization, resulting in myocyte necrosis. Plaque rupture may be further complicated by intraluminal thrombosis or haemorrhage into…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, clarithromycin, nefazodone, ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a…

…superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to…

…for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C indices were 0.60 for HAS BLED, 0.55 for HEMORR₂HAGES, and 0.50 for ATRIA…

…hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage must be promptly considered as a…

…the words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered…

…In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control…

…atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion may produce a localized medial haematoma and can progress to IMH…

…Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular…

…subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days, often with nausea, nystagmus, motion intolerance and difficulty walking Vestibular neuritis, cerebellar or brainstem infarction, haemorrhage, drug…

…still used in many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the matter…

…example — may be enough to precipitate the condition [1,2]. Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of…

…intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or…

…For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment…

…3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and no risk factors Mechanical mitral valve 2.5–3.5 Never switch to a DOAC Antiphospholipid syndrome…

…particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage…

…to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and…

…disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound makes the deep forearm veins accessible to those who are experienced…

…for general anaesthesia for other reasons. Extubate as soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in…

…blood cultures to identify potential pathogens and guide antimicrobial therapy. Administer broad spectrum antibiotics in accordance with local clinical guidelines, ensuring timely initiation to optimize…

…pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac) is difficult to discern from myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardial tissue) and because they tend to accompany each other…