…acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac…

…many instances. Cardiac tamponade : Tamponade in trauma patients is due to blood accumulation in the pericardial sack. This impairs atrial and ventricular filling, such that…

…is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former…

…induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…and additionally severe hypertension (caution if patient on nonselective beta blockers). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in…

…due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease. Relevant abnormalities include bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias, AV block, acute myocardial ischemia, old myocardial infarction, long QT, and…

…of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction. Papillary myxomas are small; they have a more stretched appearance and…

…in burden and may lead to distal coronary embolization, resulting in myocyte necrosis. Plaque rupture may be further complicated by intraluminal thrombosis or haemorrhage into…

…hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial…

…the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed safer than using a needle due to reduced risk of injury. Thoracostomy should be performed…

…AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each incorporates various clinical parameters to stratify bleeding risk. HAS BLED: Incorporates factors such as hypertension, abnormal…

…dose of 10 mg is not recommended due to higher exposure to the active metabolite and increased bleeding risk compared to patients weighing ≥ 60 kg…

…intracranial hemorrhage. Severe liver impairment. Concurrent administration of ticagrelor with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, clarithromycin, nefazodone, ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a…

…tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and GARFIELD AF scores. Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to be predictive of intracranial hemorrhage, which…

…for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C indices were 0.60 for HAS BLED, 0.55 for HEMORR₂HAGES, and 0.50 for ATRIA…

…and immediate administration of 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid is recommended. In circumstances of hypotension and hemorrhage, it is imperative to administer appropriate fluid or…

…the words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered…

…In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control…

…and malperfusion are less frequent in type A IMH. IMH is classified anatomically according to the Stanford system: Type A IMH: involves the ascending aorta…

…A large side to side difference may suggest aortic dissection CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The…

…subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days, often with nausea, nystagmus, motion intolerance and difficulty walking Vestibular neuritis, cerebellar or brainstem infarction, haemorrhage, drug…

…vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must be kept within narrow limits: aortic dissection, intracerebral haemorrhage, after cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example…

…example — may be enough to precipitate the condition [1,2]. Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of…

…intracerebral haemorrhage, acute coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or…

…is too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, a millilitre or two intracutaneously and along the…

…3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and no risk factors Mechanical mitral valve 2.5–3.5 Never switch to a DOAC Antiphospholipid syndrome…

…particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap; positive remodelling; neovascularization; intraplaque haemorrhage…

…to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and…

…accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound makes the deep forearm veins accessible to those who are experienced…

…Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8 Contact the endoscopist and the consultant on call…

…Nevertheless, the clinical importance of non fatal gastrointestinal and intracranial haemorrhage is substantial, particularly because the absolute cardiovascular benefit is small in many primary prevention…

…in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis/myocarditis There are two forms of pericarditis: acute and…