…less than 15° are acceptable (cos 15° = 0.97). Velocity at v 2 will be miscalculated by approximately 6% at an angle error of…

…rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of myocardial infarction; Increased risk of…

…prompting consideration of revascularization. The likelihood that symptoms are attributable to the CTO is increased when non invasive testing demonstrates significant inducible ischaemia and preserved…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous myocardial infarction, the Mediterranean intervention involved greater consumption of fruits…

…symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase the likelihood of ACS include: Sudden symptoms at rest or with minimal exertion, lasting at least 10…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…documented but increase the risk of skin and fat atrophy. Lederspan states in addition that the dosing interval should not be shorter than four weeks …

…5 mm over 6 months. Such growth may justify consideration of repair at a smaller diameter than would otherwise be used. Women have growth rates…

…substantial morbidity and mortality, despite often having a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy…

…or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture, or determine whether ischaemia would occur at workloads greater than those achieved…

…reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily require the larger effect of a PCSK9 inhibitor…

…to note that right ventricular load is greater than left ventricular load during the fetal period. This is explained by the configuration of the fetal…

…reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL C reduction varies according to…

…the results of all relevant investigations. Haemodynamic definition At rest, PH is defined invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg…

…the heart rate is greater than 100 beats/min, repeating the ECG after a longer resting period is advised. 4. Which of the following describes…

…to note that right ventricular load is greater than left ventricular load during the fetal period. This is explained by the configuration of the fetal…

…College of Cardiology and the Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACCF/HRS) recommendations, a nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than…

…radius of PISA. Color Doppler is used to revealing PISA. As discussed earlier, aliasing occurs when using color Doppler to analyze velocities greater than the…

…limit is 220 msec (0.22 sec). If the PR interval is greater than 220 msec, first degree AV block is manifest and it is…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence…

…young adulthood, resulting in a greater lifetime burden of hypertension. Hypertension becomes more prevalent in women than men after approximately 65 years of age. Hypertension…

…embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in patients with LV thrombus than in matched patients without thrombus. Factors…

…effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol…

…despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and alirocumab have demonstrated substantially greater LDL C reductions than ezetimibe in statin intolerant populations. In symptomatic atherosclerotic disease…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…the number one killer in Western and high income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20% of all deaths in these regions…

…MI is defined by: cTn greater than 5 times the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and At least one of the following: New ischemic ECG…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…participants who were described as frail generally had no more than mild frailty, limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional impairment…

…sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke specifically…

…greater when several predisposing factors coexist, rather than being determined by contrast exposure in isolation. Estimated glomerular filtration rate Reported estimates include a rate of…

…However, intravascular ultrasound has shown that delayed opening of the bridged segment may extend into diastole, so the physiological effect is not limited to systole…

…than CABG, with lower stroke rates, but it is associated with less complete revascularization, less durable relief of angina in some patients and a greater…

…than continued smoking After acute coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Sotalol is a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization…

…also have more contraindications and a greater risk of bleeding and myocardial rupture. Late presentation For patients presenting more than 12 hours after symptom onset…

…and neurohormonal changes that further worsen the hemodynamic situation. Thus, chronic aortic regurgitation gradually leads to impaired contractile function and the development of myocardial fibrosis…

…layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that lines the greater vessels connected to the heart. The epicardium The outermost layer of…

…tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor than the ventricular rate. The longer the duration of the tachyarrhythmia, the greater the risk of cardiomyopathy…

…standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or valves, due to a direct, non…

…and clinical phenotype Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with symptomatic heart failure…

…very high clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, defined in the source material as greater than 85%, particularly when one or more of the following are…

…a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited guidance as greater than 15% and up to 85…

…be selected according to clinical judgement. Low to moderate probability: greater than 5% to 50% in the chronic coronary syndrome pathway. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA…

…should be distinguished from severe muscle injury. Myopathy is characterized by muscle symptoms accompanied by CK greater than 10 times the upper limit of no

…appropriate when: The pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD is moderate or high, generally greater than 15% and less than 85% Baseline ECG abnormalities make…

…of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Specifically, the Romhilt Estes point score system for diagnosing LVH assigns 2 points for left axis deviation that is greater…

…because the negative areas are greater than the positive area. Electrical vectors that engender the QRS complex Depolarization of the ventricles generate three large vectors…

…the right bundle branch, such that the electrical impulse is blocked. Figure 1 illustrates the components of the ventricular conduction system, including the right bundle…

…the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers…

…acute kidney injury may be at greater immediate risk than a stable dialysis patient with a plasma potassium of 6.6 mmol/L and an…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial…

…prevalence of structural heart disease in this population. Obesity is associated with lower than expected BNP and NT proBNP concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular…