…therapy is uncertain. Prevention guidelines support its use in selected individuals at intermediate risk, rather than as a universal population screening test. It may also…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Intensivvård Lathundar Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the…

Procedurer Three of the commonest minor procedures in general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…course Neutropenia expected to last longer than 7 days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38…

…AAA prevalence increases with age and is approximately five times higher in males than females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age…

…the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical…

…use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR <45 mL/min. A short course (no more than…

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

…years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than 50 years of age. The overall prevalence in a Western…

…keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less psychological trauma than being held down by three adults. Procedure…

…over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population, such that most clinicians will…

…so because the patient tenses up with pain, or because the operator pulls harder rather than more slowly. The neurovascular status must be documented before…

…and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of…

…in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive treatment. In people without established ASCVD…

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

…unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk…

…with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…bleeding risk. These strategies are intended primarily to reduce bleeding rather than to replace the default 12 month regimen in the general ACS population. Clinical…

…is particularly relevant when the residual LDL C reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

…40% [14] . This distinction is paramount for practicing cardiologists: HFimpEF represents a state of myocardial remission rather than true recovery. Data from the TRED HF…

…will depend on the severity of the conduction defect and the affected ventricle. In general, a conduction defect in the left ventricle is more significant…

…In clinical practice, angle errors less than 15° are acceptable (cos 15° = 0.97). Velocity at v 2 will be miscalculated by approximately 6…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…smaller speculum, possibly a local anaesthetic gel, or examination under general anaesthesia. Placenta praevia or ruptured membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but…

…The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in the general population are 450 ms for men and 460 ms for women…

…occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious events such as stroke and myocardial infarction occur in fewer than 1%, while mortality is generally below 0…

…thrombose and occlude. Many acute myocardial infarctions arise from lesions that previously obstructed less than 50% of the lumen. Assessment of total coronary disease burden…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…international guidance. One framework defines confirmed hypertension as blood pressure consistently above 130/80 mmHg on more than two measurements obtained at separate times, whereas…

…This distinction is clinically important because cardiac troponin elevation after revascularization is common and may reflect procedural myocardial injury rather than a clinically significant infarction…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…inversions are symmetric with varying depth. They may be gigantic (10 mm or more) or less than 1 mm. Negative U waves my occur when…

…ejection fraction, then it is likely that variations in preload and afterload, rather than changes in contractile function, explains the varying ejection fraction. Ejection fraction…

…and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common. General hypertrophy is less common. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes concentric hypertrophy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes concentric hypertrophy…

…surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope. Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity. Electrolyte disturbances Hypokalemia. Hyperkalemia…

…in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non…

…greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age, and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age…

…more or less echogenic. It is important to estimate the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general …

…affected by bradycardia as well as tachycardia. Treatment of sick sinus syndrome and bradycardia in general Sick sinus syndrome is, if caused by irreversible conditions…