…is particularly relevant when the decision to initiate or intensify preventive therapy is uncertain. Prevention guidelines support its use in selected individuals at intermediate risk…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Intensivvård Lathundar Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the…

Procedurer Three of the commonest minor procedures in general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the…

…rupture risk; one guideline summary describes approximately a four fold greater risk. This difference informs the use of sex specific surveillance and repair thresholds. Clinical…

…diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate…

…50 mg three times daily See note Do not use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR…

…need for general anaesthesia for other reasons. Extubate as soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a…

…atrial fibrillation is treated with rate and/or rhythm control . Rate control implies the use of medications that slow ventricular rate (beta blockers being the…

…majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles…

…over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population, such that most clinicians will…

…neurovascular compromise or skin tenting — reduce promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk…

…outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is an antiplatelet drug that irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase and thereby suppresses thromboxane A2 synthesis…

…arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics…

…and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence…

…to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low…

…Inclisiran, with or without statin therapy Approximately 50% reduction The absolute reduction depends on the pretreatment LDL C concentration and the accompanying lipid lowering regimen…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

…worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding…

…intraventricular conduction delays (defects), which are caused by functional or anatomical defects in the components of the intraventricular conduction system. Because the conduction system is…

…stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity (v 2 ), and the difference becomes even greater after…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…Vaginismus or marked anxiety — plan for extra time, a smaller speculum, possibly a local anaesthetic gel, or examination under general anaesthesia. Placenta praevia or ruptured…

…of TdP are frequently pause dependent, initiated by either a slowing of the heart rate or a PVC induced pause. The subsequent sinus beat typically…

…coronary angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock; ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity…

…Conversely, apparently mild lesions may rupture and precipitate myocardial infarction or sudden death. Coronary anatomy must therefore be interpreted within the broader clinical and physiological…

…the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause…

…or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most adults with confirmed hypertension…

…necrosis temporally related to coronary revascularization. It may follow percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and is classified within the universal…

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

…is negative in lead V1). Isolated T wave inversions also occur in leads V2, III or aVL. In any instance, one must verify whether the…

…volumes, which satisfy the body's oxygen demand despite smaller ejection fractions. In general, individuals with small ventricular volumes tend to have high ejection fractions…

…should not be confused with hypertrophy caused by increased loading conditions. Increased ventricular load is mostly caused by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. In hypertension…

…to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. Causes of persisting bradycardia Sinus node dysfunction (SND) AV block II or AV block III. Reversible causes of bradycardia Reversible…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…and greater than 80 ms in children less than 8 years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or LBBB." These conduction delays may…

…effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate)…

…node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria…