…over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population, such that most clinicians will…

…with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70…

…Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with…

…smaller speculum, possibly a local anaesthetic gel, or examination under general anaesthesia. Placenta praevia or ruptured membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but…

…Rheumatic fever. Endocarditis. Heart surgery (can cause permanent bradycardia). Hypothyroidism. Medullar lesion. Increased intracranial pressure. General hypoxia. Autonomic nervous system Neurocardiogenic syncope. Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity…

…Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia) Sinus node dysfunction…

Procedurer Three of the commonest minor procedures in general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block…

…majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles…

…an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles…

…an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles…

…of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia. An open dislocation. Inadequate analgesia or sedation — the procedure…

…been shown to improve long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a…

…in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin is not a general purpose cardiovascular preventive treatment. In people without established ASCVD…

…examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiographic assessment is fundamental to the diagnosis and management of bradyarrhythmias. In the setting of cardiac…

…unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk…

…completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…Place in lipid lowering therapy General treatment sequence High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome…

…statin, dose, and individual response. In general, statins reduce LDL C by approximately 30–55%; doubling the dose produces an additional reduction of approximately 6%…

…the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure. When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical…

…worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises steeply with age, exceeding…

…will depend on the severity of the conduction defect and the affected ventricle. In general, a conduction defect in the left ventricle is more significant…

…the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial…

…and density (D) of the liquid: Formula 2 : K = 0.5 • D blood • v 2 With regards to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging in general…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…times daily See note Do not use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR <45 mL/min…

…an intensive care unit, a coronary care unit or another setting that allows frequent blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often…

…rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the…

…inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general anaesthesia for other reasons…

…abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA General principles Duplex ultrasound is the preferred screening modality because it is noninvasive, avoids ionizing radiation and…

…The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values in the general population are 450 ms for men and 460 ms for women…

…injury, and death. The risk profile differs between diagnostic angiography and PCI, and is strongly influenced by the clinical setting, vascular access route, anticoagulation, renal…

…stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population but account for a substantial proportion of sudden cardiac death in young athletes…

…available evidence described here. Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment…

…2. Musculoskeletal Conditions Examples: Costochondritis and general musculoskeletal pain are common causes of chest pain [2]. Pain Characteristics: Pain reproduced with palpation is often indicative…

…may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial Combination Therapy General Strategy For most adults with confirmed hypertension, initial treatment with two agents is recommended…

…much is related to the intervention. Diagnostic criteria General principles For events occurring within 48 hours of the index procedure, diagnosis requires both: A defined…

…Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to plaque rupture or erosion Type…

…T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1…

…volumes, which satisfy the body's oxygen demand despite smaller ejection fractions. In general, individuals with small ventricular volumes tend to have high ejection fractions…

…and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common. General hypertrophy is less common. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes concentric hypertrophy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes concentric hypertrophy…

…Figure 1. Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest…

…JT, et al. Intraventricular conduction delay in a standard 12 lead electrocardiogram as a predictor of mortality in the general population. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011…

…effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate)…