…correlates strongly with age. Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among persons younger than…

…and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus…

…majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple equipment. Two principles…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude), and QT prolongation…

…catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly managed in GUCH clinics (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart…

…Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a…

…guideline discussion. By contrast, the benefit of beta blockers in patients with CAD without previous MI and with normal LVEF is uncertain. Similarly, evidence for…

…A2 promotes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that…

…in the early hours following infarction may be associated with hemodynamic compromise. More broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or…

…Sjögren syndrome, gout and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Collectively, these disorders are associated with excess cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the cardiovascular phenotype varies substantially between diseases…

…TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and plaque characteristics. In the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk and low bleeding risk. These strategies are intended…

…and the accompanying lipid lowering regimen. Ezetimibe is particularly relevant when the residual LDL C reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with…

…reduction varies according to the statin, dose, and individual response. In general, statins reduce LDL C by approximately 30–55%; doubling the dose produces an…

…permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood…

…by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within this spectrum, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF…

…the conduction defect and the affected ventricle. In general, a conduction defect in the left ventricle is more significant, as compared with a defect affecting…

…the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices in general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices…

…and density (D) of the liquid: Formula 2 : K = 0.5 • D blood • v 2 With regards to echocardiography and ultrasound imaging in general…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…50 mg three times daily See note Do not use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…prophylactic intubation reduces aspiration or mortality. It has on the contrary been associated with more pneumonia and a longer stay, although the results are influenced…

…The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture…

…men and 460 ms for women. While there is no absolute QTc threshold at which TdP occurs, a QTc ≥ 500 ms is associated with a…

…and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse cardiac events and mortality in pooled analyses of…

…absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in…

…sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings…

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit, although in younger individuals with low short term…

…Type 4c MI: MI associated with in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria…

…4c MI caused by restenosis Type 5 MI associated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Types 4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1…

…single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It is generally concordant with the QRS complex (which is negative in lead V1…

…oxygen demand despite smaller ejection fractions. In general, individuals with small ventricular volumes tend to have high ejection fractions. This inverse relationship appears to be…

…younger the patient presenting with hypertrophy, the more likely a genetic etiology. The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may…

…sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic syndrome (which includes…

…a general degeneration of the atrial conduction system. Individuals with atrial fibrillation and bradycardia have bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome. Careful management is warranted in patients with…

…of nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay Patients with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays are at twice as great a risk of all cause death and cardiovascular death…

…the volume, echogenicity and location of the effusion. Regarding the location, an effusion may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion…

…Risk of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia) Sinus node dysfunction is also associated with a high risk of developing supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter…