…early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the…

…particularly in the elderly An abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt investigation for sleep apnoea, renal disease and secondary hypertension, and lead to one dose…

…support in the room. Two people: one who injects and monitors, one who assesses and documents muscle function. Define the outcome measure before the test…

…Because the vast majority of all exercise stress tests in the United States are performed using a treadmill, the term treadmill test has almost become…

…Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using validated clinical tests Ability to perform…

…as a function of workload In order for the exercise test to be reliable, the patient must perform maximally, without risking serious complications. The instructor…

…years in Europe ( EuReCA One, Benjamin et al ). A total of 292,000 cases of IHCA occur annually in the United States, resulting in an…

…swimming and cycling. Activities should be selected according to the individual’s preferences, functional status and daily routine, because enjoyable and convenient activities are more…

…main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary syndrome, revascularisation is particularly indicated when functionally significant disease produces persistent…

…ventricular function, and, in selected circumstances, myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on intravenous radiopharmaceuticals that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution of retained…

…Echocardiography in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD. Echocardiography provides detailed morphological and functional information. The vast majority of cases can…

…available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12 months and…

…Long term prognosis is influenced particularly by: Resting left ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular…

…depend on the clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy, comorbidities, procedural complexity, age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are…

…functional mitral regurgitation, ventricular dilatation, myocardial wall stress and subendocardial ischemia. Neurohormonal activation and vascular and renal abnormalities contribute to sodium and water retention. The…

…in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should include functional status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in…

…hypertension shifts autoregulation in the brain and kidneys towards higher pressures. Too rapid a normalisation can therefore cause cerebral, coronary or renal ischaemia. Neurological status…

…plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and functional microvascular…

…CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the United States, approximately one in four female deaths…

…This functional definition encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction…

…an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression…

…shock states. In the specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need…

…clinical relevance and states that increased afterload results in a slower relaxation. Any condition leading to increased afterload will, therefore, lead to impaired diastolic function…

…decline of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in intraglomerular hyperfiltration…

…In chronic coronary disease, the principal symptomatic indication for revascularization is angina that remains refractory despite medical therapy when significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically…

…cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words, during prolonged cardiac arrest without effective perfusion, one expects fixed…

…that the heart requires continuous blood flow to maintain cellular function. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in…

…Check what applies in your own region. Duration above the threshold or unknown: at least three weeks of adequate anticoagulation before cardioversion — an INR ≥ 2…

…affect the accuracy of MAP estimations derived from standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP is a valuable indicator of hemodynamic status, it should be interpreted in…

…and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake Common clinical picture : : 4 to 12 hours Tremor, sweating…

…and the elbow must be able to flex if it is to be free. 9. Check the distal neurovascular status again once the cast has…

…the acute illness The ventricular rate and its relationship to symptoms and haemodynamic status Whether heart failure is present and whether left ventricular systolic function…

…or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status…

…2 – v 1 2 ) This formula is excellent for measuring pressure gradients across small openings, such as the valves. Importantly, in the setting of valvular…

…age and are higher in patients with impaired renal function, reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population…

…or dyskinesia, which impairs papillary muscle function. Likewise, myocardial infarction affecting the papillary muscle or its connected myocardium may also result in mitral prolapse. Extensive…

…after initiation of medical treatment LV function requires evaluation in the setting of suspected ischaemia or previous infarction Dyspnoea requires assessment of dynamic LV function…

…pressure minus coronary venous pressure In routine clinical practice, coronary venous pressure is generally assumed to be zero, yielding the simplified ratio of mean distal…

…estimated 64 million individuals worldwide. In developed nations, the prevalence of HF is approximately 1–2% in the general adult population, but this figure rises…

…T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used to diagnose LBBB: QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds…

…surrogate for the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past…

…QRS complex on the ECG. The hallmark of right bundle branch block is QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds, large R' wave in V1/V2 and…

…harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility, cognition, independence, functional capacity…

…approximately 0.5%, and major vascular complications approximately 1%. These figures illustrate the variation produced by differences in patient selection, procedural definitions, and institutional practice…

…coronary anatomy, myocardial ischaemia, ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making…

…of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function…

…failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities…

…of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed in…

…symptom onset or the time last known to be well NIHSS A complete score by a physician or nurse experienced in stroke Functional impact A…

…resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room…

…at ≥ 37.8 °C) No difference in 6 month mortality or functional outcome; more arrhythmias with haemodynamic compromise in the hypothermia group HYPERION (2019) 33…

…the inferior vena cava) and a functional component. When the direction of the reentrant circuit is reversed, propagating in a clockwise direction, it results in…

…be absent in early disease or after effective treatment. HFrEF is commonly associated with structural and functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic…

…electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG…

…Pathophysiology The defining physiological abnormality is heart failure occurring with mildly impaired LV systolic function. The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in…

…function. The left ventricle may have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness, or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in…

…defined in the source material as greater than 85%, particularly when one or more of the following are present: Severe symptoms despite guideline directed antianginal…

…broad CMD patterns have been described: Functional CMD: resting vascular tone is generally normal, but the increase in coronary blood flow during stress is inadequate…

…of life. The clinical impact should be assessed in terms of: Symptom frequency and duration. Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload…

…worsen the obstruction. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression, exacerbating myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one…