…Bedside parameters Spirometry Parameter Meaning : : FEV₁ Forced expiratory volume in the first second FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF…

…rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the pressure in the thorax, the abdomen, the skull and…

CPR The forces that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose…

Procedurer A dislocation is reduced with muscle relaxation, not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail…

…Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined…

…Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined…

…the thrombus is formed in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can…

…has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However…

…with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has formed. Ultrasound settles the question when…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, is the force behind the comprehensive online course at ecgwaves.com. This website provides a comprehensive learning ecosystem. It includes a…

…can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes…

…stimulate nearby arteries to grow new vessels into the ischemic zone. Newly formed vessels, which may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery…

…. . formed a constituent part of the character of Angina Pectoris. Atherosclerosis: the cause of coronary artery disease The underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a…

…cellular functions, such as contraction and relaxation. Increasing cardiac workload by increasing heart rate and contractility (i.e contractile force), results in increased metabolism. Cardiac…

…and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Thrombi formed via erosion are typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction…

…wall thickness (myocardial thickness). The left ventricle must generate sufficient contractile force to overcome the pressure in the aorta. The greater the pressure in the…

…of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss…

…acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly, within the inverted triangle formed between the acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3…

…image artifact. Side lobe artifact A 2D image is formed by allowing the ultrasound beam to sweep back and forth within a defined sector. The…

…particularly the ventricular myocardium. Sympathetic stimulation has a positive inotropic effect (i.e increases contractile force in the myocardium), positive chronotropic effect (i.e increases…

…A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America Curtis…

…right ventricle. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) Vascular resistance (R) is the resistance that must be overcome to force blood through a blood vessel. Vascular resistance…