…at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with lower ASCVD risk. Atherogenic particle burden is not completely…

…conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and, when prolonged or severe…

…part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level…

…caused by cardiac insufficiency. Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of…

…Irrigate skin and eyes using saline solution (NaCl) if suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence…

…exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant to…

…Precipitating factors, including exertion, emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in…

…spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…is therefore directed at identifying individuals at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…Accurate technique is essential because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…60 minutes after ingestion. Elimination follows zero order kinetics at low to moderate concentrations and first order kinetics at higher concentrations. Ethanol is water soluble…

…exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to…

…and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care, clinical assessment and treatment…

…procedure. Exact intervals according to the local protocol or the on call coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin is rarely needed with DOACs…

…circulation, disability, exposure (ABCDE) approach is applicable in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse…

…ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading…

…affecting approximately 1 in 250,000–350,000 individuals. The lifelong exposure to high LDL C is central to the disease burden. In untreated HeFH…

…smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary…

…uptake linearly related to coronary blood flow. 15 O Water is an ideal tracer, with a short half life (2 minutes), causing minimal radiation exposure…

…or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and lipid…

…at multiple angles. Tissue attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield units. Bone is highly attenuating, air has very low attenuation, and blood and…

…requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal…

…coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may…

…symptoms (SAMS). These range from diffuse myalgia with a normal CK and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and elevated CK. Rhabdomyolysis is…

…weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial injury, necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response…

…1. Expose the whole shoulder; rolling up a sleeve creates a constriction that distorts the anatomy and tempts the operator to inject too high. 2…