…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…

…the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood…

…and duration of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an…

…permanent part of the programme and is widely used — a woman who does not attend for a gynaecological examination, or who prefers to take the…

…central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap…

…if suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence. However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium…

…after exposure to a known or probable allergen , even if skin symptoms are absent [1,4]. Typical warning symptoms are: hoarseness, stridor, swelling of the…

…occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow up of…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…independently of conventional factors, and whether they improve risk classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to…

…of LDL C reduction. Thus, even a modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to…

…last dose before an invasive procedure. Exact intervals according to the local protocol or the on call coagulation service. Bridging with low molecular weight heparin…

…ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal…

…can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading dose of 180…

…to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of…

…for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation…

…and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid patients because…

…abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood…

…flow limitation. The mechanisms are incompletely defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes…

…Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium by highlighting regions with reduced blood flow. Radiotracers for SPECT Technetium 99m (Sestamibi or Tetrofosmin)…

…meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential…

…an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of…

…focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…another indication can also contribute to risk assessment. Visual reporting of coronary calcification using four categories—none, mild, moderate, or severe—is recommended when such…

…non atherosclerotic causes of symptoms should be considered. When plaque is present but stenosis is minimal or mild, symptoms are also unlikely to be caused…

…monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis…

…Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the…

…that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is divided clinically into: Complete intolerance: inability to tolerate any dose of any…

…presumed to be immune mediated. Pericardial injury, necrosis, bleeding, or pleural incision may expose cardiac antigens and initiate an inflammatory response. The presence of antibodies…

…fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the…