…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…attenuation is expressed relative to water in Hounsfield units. Bone is highly attenuating, air has very low attenuation, and blood and myocardium have intermediate values…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…higher in populations with a founder effect. HoFH is much rarer, affecting approximately 1 in 250,000–350,000 individuals. The lifelong exposure to high…

…external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and…

…stroke quick reference. Stopping the drug and forgetting to restart it after the procedure. Document the restart date in the medical record. Sources ESC Guidelines…

…other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal resolution. PET…

…modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with…

…atrial fibrillation, and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic…

…1. Expose the whole shoulder; rolling up a sleeve creates a constriction that distorts the anatomy and tempts the operator to inject too high. 2…

…rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in…

…to improve outcomes and is not part of the screening programme — screening consists of the smear, not of the examination itself. Cervical cancer screening in…

…Multiple potentially high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single…

…or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked…

…overload is high 0 to 30 min Clinical assessment of the focus; check previous culture results, antibiotics, allergies, renal function, health care exposure and the…

…guidelines. As in all clinical emergencies, the airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure (ABCDE) approach is applicable in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure…

…and eyes using saline solution (NaCl) if suspected of toxin exposure. Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence. However, in…

…Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A score that is high fo

…ritonavir, and atazanavir) can lead to a significant increase in exposure to ticagrelor. Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading…

…because inconsistent or incorrect measurement may lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for…

…unchanged in urine, perspiration and exhaled breath. Blood alcohol concentration generally peaks 10–60 minutes after ingestion. Elimination follows zero order kinetics at low to…

…exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to…

…symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease. Follow…

…mg once daily. Rationale: Patients in this age group have higher bleeding risk and increased exposure to the active metabolite of prasugrel. Patients weighing <…

…contributing to delayed assessment and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women…

…benefits relevant to clinical cardiology include: Clinical setting or outcome Reported benefit of cessation Cardiovascular disease overall Substantial reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality Established…

…sensations may occur. Pain usually involves the central chest or epigastrium, may radiate to the arms, and less often to the abdomen, back, lower jaw…

…arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction…

…emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise…

…a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This…

…to reduce aortic wall shear stress and rapidly lower systolic pressure. Renal and microvascular complications Renal involvement may manifest as deterioration in renal function and…

…influences, including oestrogen and progesterone related structural changes in the coronary media. The early postpartum period, when marked hormonal changes occur. Hypertension and oestrogen exposure…

…This discrepancy reflects, at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single…

…clinical descriptions. It may be present intermittently during the illness and, in some series, is reported in up to approximately one third of patients. Its…