…pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with resynchronization devices, maintaining CRT during surgery is recommended to provide better haemodynamic stability. Define the operative electrical environment…

…Modern pacemakers are packed with algorithms that optimize the function. For example, there are functions that continuously reassess stimulation threshold in order to calibrate stimulations…

…action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The action potential includes a depolarization (activation) followed by a…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…ECG criteria for sinus tachycardia follow. ECG criteria for sinus tachycardia Regular rhythm with ventricular rate 100 beats per minute. P wave with constant morphology…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute. ECG criteria follow: Regular rhythm with a ventricular…

…and the ventricles are electrically disconnected. This condition is referred to as AV dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical…

…of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance and expressivity…

…to 24 hours for patients with risk factors; cardioversion between 24 and 48 hours without ongoing anticoagulation is then reserved for patients with a CHA₂DS₂…

…of the normal heart axis. Figure 1. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is…

…range of normal heart axis. Figure 38. The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis). As evident from the figure, the normal heart axis is…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the electrical axis of the heart

…progress [3]. The mean electrical axis is typically calculated for ventricular activation in the frontal plane using the hexaxial reference system. This system is constructed…

…ventricular fibrillation, in any situation. ECG features of ventricular fibrillation The ECG shows irregular waves with varying morphology and amplitude. No P wave, QRS complex…

…atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode…

Referensvärden A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult…

…amplitude of the electrical signals generated in the myocardium. The same ECG grid is used in children and adult patients. Recommendations for ECG recording in…

…not 48. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge resources have tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors. Check…

…treatment for AF with class IC drugs or amiodarone. In these instances, the flutter rate may be reduced to less than 200 beats per minute…

…Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability, or electrical instability. Posterior infarction may occur in patients with a clinically unstable acute coronary…

…evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex atrial myopathy. For the practicing cardiologist, mastering the…

…In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or…

…and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while the remainder manifest ventricular…

…instead as an ectopic atrial rhythm (EAR) . Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) most commonly occurs in individuals with underlying structural or electrical heart disease. Less frequently…

…seconds). ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Electrical axis between 45° to 90°. If the electrical axis is 30° to 45, probable LAFB…

…system ensures rapid and synchronized spread of depolarization, which is essential for coordinated and efficient atrial and ventricular activity. The conduction system includes the sinoatrial …

…anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch, such that the electrical impulse is blocked. Figure 1 illustrates the components of the ventricular conduction…

…Along with larger R waves in right sided leads, the R wave progression may be opposite. The electrical axis is virtually always shifted to the…

…the same electrical events but from different angles. This means that ECG leads with similar angles must display similar ECG curves (diagrams). For some purposes…

…ischemic cascade describes the sequence of events during myocardial ischemia, beginning with perfusion abnormalities and ultimately leading to chest pain (angina). Myocardial perfusion imaging techniques…

…repolarisation: J point elevation ≥ 1 mm with notching or slurring in the inferolateral leads. See also the Calculators section for QTc formulas and risk scores.

…tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a dilator and a 5–8 F pigtail catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample tubes for cell count…

…while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes…

…Table 2. Reference values for the most important parameters (Rijnbeek et al) Numbers are medians with 2 nd and 98 th percentile in parenthesis. These…

…loss of consciousness. No symptoms at the time of assessment. Ongoing chest discomfort with electrical or haemodynamic instability. Cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock. Features that…

…there are generally no reliable and safe drugs available for long term heart rate augmentation without undesirable side effects. Drugs, With Doses and Practical Co

…with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide additional information concerning cardiovascular reserve and electrical…

…communities. Late presentation is clinically important: Within 12 hours of symptom onset: reperfusion therapy is recommended for all patients with a working diagnosis of STEMI…

…that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium. Current guidelines, however, still recommend the use of the J point for assessing acute ischemia…

…left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely…

…to electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the management of BrS has been fraught with…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989;29:1430 3. Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989; 29:1430 3 . Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA, et al. Use of CPR…

…repolarization) since it coincides with ventricular depolarization (i.e. QRS complex), which has much stronger electrical potentials. Cell types in electrocardiology For the purpose of…

…LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left…

…The condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at…

…resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the…

…and ischemia may also cause electrical alternans. PQ segment depression. Sinus tachycardia. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Electrical alternans in patient with cardiac tamponade…

…circulation is maintained for 20 consecutive minutes, without the need for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of…

…criteria for first degree AV block PR interval ≥0,22 s. All P waves are followed by QRS complexes. First degree AV block with wide…

…is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with heart failure ( Packer et al ) and 30% of people with diabetes ( Cavallari et…

…in general, it is crucial to be familiar with these devices. This section is devoted to artificial pacemakers. More advanced devices (ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator;…

…Table 2. Reference values for the most important parameters (Rijnbeek et al) Numbers are medians with 2 nd and 98 th percentile in parenthesis. These…

…because the electrical potentials generated by the sinoatrial node are much too small to be detected on the surface ECG. Intracardiac electrodes – with the placement…

…be initiated. Agonal breathing is interpreted as manifest cardiac arrest. Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock delivered randomly, without considering…

…oxygen is required for ATP synthesis [ATP is the primary energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day …

…an accessory pathway). This is associated with a delta wave. For further details on the PR interval and the PR segment, refer to The normal…

…The junctional escape rhythm is regular, with a frequency of roughly 40 beats per minute. If the escape rhythm has wide QRS complexes and a…