…pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with resynchronization devices, maintaining CRT during surgery is recommended to provide better haemodynamic stability. Define the operative electrical environment…

…Modern pacemakers are packed with algorithms that optimize the function. For example, there are functions that continuously reassess stimulation threshold in order to calibrate stimulations…

…action potential, automaticity and electrical vectors Video lecture The following video lecture summarises this chapter. The action potential includes a depolarization (activation) followed by a…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…ECG criteria for sinus tachycardia follow. ECG criteria for sinus tachycardia Regular rhythm with ventricular rate 100 beats per minute. P wave with constant morphology…

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

…fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute. ECG criteria follow: Regular rhythm with a ventricular…

…and the ventricles are electrically disconnected. This condition is referred to as AV dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical…

…of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance and expressivity…

…to 24 hours for patients with risk factors; cardioversion between 24 and 48 hours without ongoing anticoagulation is then reserved for patients with a CHA₂DS₂…